CNG vs LNG what is the difference?
Presented by:
Cal Macy Project Director
Pete Sparks Project Coordinator

Why study natural gas?
None of my friends drive one….
•
Presented by:
–
Cal Macy -Long Beach City College
ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION
TECHNOLOGY CENTER

Green Port Program
•
Ports of LB and LA are going green
ATTE has been teaching “ green ” before it was a term

What will be the propulsion for the new
Millennium??
NGV
Natural
Gas
Vehicle
Gaseous/ alcohol based fuels
Heavy-Duty
Cng/Lng
Common
Rail Direct
Injection
NGV
Natural
Gas
Vehicle
Direct
Injection
CNG
Hybrid
Motor
Lean
Burn
Series/ parallel
Hybrid
NGV
Fuel Cell
FCEV
Fuel Cell
EV
Emerging
Alternative
Energies
Diesel
Engines
Gasoline
Engines
Hybrid
Cars
EV
Electric
Vehicles
•Natural gas is today ’ s key to a healthier tomorrow

What will be the propulsion for the new
Millennium??
Range and Reliability are the two biggest challenges for Alternative Fuels
Cost of fuel and availability are the operator ’ s concerns

Where can I get CNG/LNG for my car or truck?
Clean Energy announced plans to install LNG/CNG fueling stations across the nation at existing Pilot/Flying
J Truck Stops in 33 states $2.79/DGE
LB
1/25/2012
Phase 1
150 new stations
70 in 2012
80 in 2013
•Natural gas is today ’ s key to a healthier tomorrow

Where can I get my car or truck serviced?
We can train the next generation of fleet technicians
The ATTE Centers have trained over 5000 fleet technicians from all over the US, Canada, and
Mexico

ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION
TECHNOLOGY CENTERS

ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION
TECHNOLOGY CENTERS
•Long Beach was the first Clean City in California
•LBCC provided initial CNG & LNG Training for City fleets
•10 ATT Centers were established in 1993

ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION
TECHNOLOGY CENTERS
ATTE is a Consortium of 8 Regional Colleges Statewide
Providing Alternative Fuels Training since 1995
ATTE is the Statewide Training Solution
We make the complicated Simple!

Computerized Engine
Management
Cummins John Deere Detroit Caterpillar
•We have decades of experience on CEM systems

Electronic Engine Fuel
Management Systems
DETROIT DIESEL
DDEC& GFI SYSTEMS
•ATT provided training for the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta

Customized Training Programs:
In-Center seminars held in a manufacturer-style classroom environment with an attached lab

Customized Training Programs:
OEM trainers for Kenworth & Peterbilt LNG drayage trucks
We WROTE the program!!

Live Engine Training on CNG & LNG
Demonstrators:
•Hands-on Training with Heavy Duty electronics training engines
•Cummins ISL G CNG/LNG
•Cummins/Westport GX LNG
•DDEC IV series 50/60G
We WROTE the programs!!
•John Deere

Natural Gas Safety
•Cylinder Safety Inspection
•We stress safety & regulations

Natural Gas Properties
• Odorless
– Odorant (Ethyl Mercaptan) added
• Colorless
•
Lighter than air
•
Flammability range: 5-15%
– Compare with: diesel 1-6%, propane 2.2-9.5%, hydrogen 4.1-74%
•
High auto-ignition temperature
–
900-1170
°
F
•
Non-toxic
– Displaces oxygen

Natural Gas Vehicle Storage
•
Compressed Natural Gas: CNG
–
Up to 3600- 5000 psi
–
High pressure storage vessel
•
200:1 STP storage volume
•
Liquefied Natural Gas: LNG
–
Cryogenic temperatures (-250 ° F) up to 230 psi
–
Well insulated storage vessel
• 600:1 STP storage volume

Compressed Natural Gas
Considerations
•
Fueling infrastructure
– Strong
•
Engine type
–
SI or dual fuel
•
Vehicle range
•
Cylinder quantity and configuration
• Fast fill or slow fill

Compressed Natural Gas
•
High pressure gas cylinders
–
Flexible sizes and configurations
–
Light weight (relative to LNG tanks)
•
Safety
–
Extreme high pressures
–
Frequent CNG system inspections

Cylinder Type 1
•
All steel or aluminum construction
•
100% pressure is held by the metal
•
Vulnerable to rust and corrosion
Type 1 Cascade

Cylinder Type 2
•
Hoop-wrapped aluminum or steel
•
55% pressure is held by metal, 45% is held by the wrap
•
Vulnerable to corrosion and wrap damage

Cylinder Type 3
•
Fully wrapped aluminum
•
80% pressure is held by the wrap, 20% is held by the metal
•
Vulnerable to cuts and abrasion

Cylinder Type 4
•
All composite cylinder with a plastic liner
•
100% pressure is held by composite wrap
•
Liner sealed to metal domes used for valve threads
•
Light weight, vulnerable to impact & cuts

Liquefied Natural Gas
Considerations
•
Fueling infrastructure
–
In development
– Mobile units available
• Engine type
– HPDI, SI or duel fuel
• Vehicle range
•
LNG tank weight and size
•
Vehicle utilization should be frequent

Liquefied Natural Gas
•
Cryogenic storage tank
•
Somewhat limited configurations and sizes
•
Safety
– Extreme cold temperature
• Down to - 250 ° F
–
Pressures up to 230 psi
–
Robust design

Liquefied Natural Gas Tanks
•
Stainless steel construction
•
Vacuum insulation
•
Specialized valves and components
•
Sizing typically 50- 150 gallons
•
Two distinct types
–
Integrated LNG pump and vaporizer
–
Pressure flow with external vaporizer

Liquefied Natural Gas Tanks
•
Integrated LNG pump and vaporizer
–
Utilization of any temperature LNG
–
Up to 5000 psi CNG output
•
Electronically regulated
–
HPDI equipped engines

Liquefied Natural Gas Tanks
•
Pressure flow with external vaporizer
–
Requires utilization of “ warm ” LNG
–
Up to tank pressure output
•
< 230 psi
•
Mechanical regulation
–
SI or dual fuel equipped engines

Natural Gas Engines
•
Westport HD15
•
CWI ISL G
•
CWI ISX12 G
•
Other engines/ options
– John Deere
–
Detroit Diesel
– CAP dual fuel

Westport HD15 Engine
• 15 liter compression ignition
•
Direct injection diesel pilot
• Up to 475 HP, 1750 lb-ft torque
•
Active emissions aftertreatment system

CWI ISL G Engine
• 8.9 liter spark ignition
•
Mass air/ gas electronic fuel injection
• Up to 320 HP, 1000 lb-ft torque
•
Passive three way catalyst emissions system

CWI ISX12 G Engine
• 12 liter spark ignition
•
Mass air/ gas electronic fuel injection
• Up to 400 HP, 1450 lb-ft torque
•
Passive three way catalyst emissions system

How does Natural Gas work in the Engine?

Operating Pressures and
Safety
•
Non-toxic
•
Lighter than air
•
CNG can displace oxygen
•
CNG highly flammable?
–
Must be contained to be dangerous
–
Window of flammability very narrow
•
No open flames in the shop
•
Safest fuel of all other fuels
•
Pressure in system must be respected

Major
Components of a
Compressed
Natural Gas
System

Fill Valve and Coalescent Filter
•
NGV1 Fuel fill device needs to match pressure of cylinder

Must have dust cap installed after filling vehicle
 Coalescing filter can be on fill inlet or supply line

One-Way Check Valve
•
Allows fuel to flow in one direction only

Usually on fill line to prevent leakage in case of drive-away

Fuel Storage Cylinders
•
3000 PSI
•
Type 4
•
3600 PSI
•
Type 2
•
High pressure storage

4 different types available
 Several pressures available

Should all be matching pressure

Cylinder Shut-Off
Valve
•
Isolates cylinder for servicing
•
Special tool needed to open dead electronic valves
•
Destroys seals in valve

Caution: pressure may still be present!

Pressure Relief Device
(PRD)
•
Releases in case of excessive heat or pressure

Mounted on cylinder IN DIRECT PRESSURE

One-time failure--- vented to outside of vehicle
 Cannot be removed and reused on another cylinder
 Special design for type 4—all composite cylinders

Manual Shut-Off Valve
(Quarter Turn)
•
Shuts off fuel to engine compartment
 Emergency shut-off accessible from outside

Stainless Steel Fuel
Lines
•
Seamless Stainless Steel Lines

Fittings and lines must be rated to withstand
 3 times their system pressure

Relief loops to prevent vibration failures

Some vehicles use flexible lines with stainless weave

Pressure
Regulator(s)

Reduces cylinder pressure to system operating pressure

May have two regulators to drop pressure in stages

Pressure typically 120 psi or less depending upon system

Shut off Valves (Lock-Offs)
Prevents fuel flow unless engine RPM is present
•
Controlled by PCM

Fuel Delivery to Engine
High pressure direct injection
Cummins ISL G Fuel Control Valve
Westport GX injector
Introduces fuel to intake air stream

Powerplant & Fueling Options
•
Cummins/Westport ISL-G Natural Gas Engine
•
Cummins/Westport ISX12-G Natural Gas
Engine
•
Westport GX 15 liter Diesel/Natural Gas Hybrid
Engine

Powerplant & Fueling Options
ISL-G 8.9L Natural Gas Engine

Powerplant & Fueling Options
Cummins/Westport ISL-G
•
Type - 4-cycle, spark-ignited , inline 6-cylinder, turbocharged
•
8.9 Liter, coil on plug ignition (300v primary)
•
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG – 3600psi) or Liquefied Natural Gas
(LNG)
•
Dedicated & Optimized for natural gas fuel (105 parameters)
•
Meets EPA and CARB 2010 emission requirements
• EGR and Catalyst (stoiciometric)
• Advertised Horsepower 250–320 hp
• Peak Torque 660–1,000 lb-ft
•
PM’s differ from diesel

Powerplant & Fueling Options
ISX12-G 11.9L Natural Gas Engine

Powerplant & Fueling Options
Cummins/Westport ISX12-G
•
Type - 4-cycle, spark-ignited , inline 6-cylinder, turbocharged
•
11.9 Liter Compressed Natural Gas (CNG – 3600psi) or Liquefied
Natural Gas (LNG)
•
Dedicated & Optimized for natural gas fuel (stoiciometric)
•
Meets EPA and CARB 2010 emission requirements
•
Advertised Horsepower 330 – 400 hp
• Peak Torque 1150 – 1450 lb-ft
• First time available engine braking option
• Available early 2013

Powerplant & Fueling Options
• LNG tank and pump
•(chassis mounted)
• Fuel injectors
•(under valve cover)
• Fuel conditioning module
• Common-rail
• diesel
• fuel pump
• Hydraulic
• pump
(drives LNG Pump)
• Control units
•( firewall mounted)
Westport GX 15 liter HPDI Diesel/NG Engine

Powerplant & Fueling Options
Westport GX HPDI Diesel/NG Hybrid
•
Type - 4-cycle, pilot ignition , inline 6-cylinder, turbocharged
•
15 Liter
•
Proprietary Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) design
• Dedicated & Optimized for natural gas fuel
• Meets EPA and CARB 2010 emission requirements
• Advertised Horsepower 400 – 475 hp
• Peak Torque 1450 – 1750 lb-ft
•
Proven reliability since 2006
•
Requires PM trap & SCR (urea) injection for EPA/CARB 2010

What Regulations Should I Be Training my students to be aware of?

Regulations & Guidelines for CNG & LNG
Vehicle Operation and Maintenance
 NFPA 52
-Covers installations of cylinders and components

CHP Title 13
-Covers state certification of installations and vehicles

CGA 6.4
-Covers visual inspection and qualifications of inspectors

ANSI/NGV-2/FMVSS 304
-Covers design, construction and testing of new cylinders

Manufacture ’ s Printed Guidelines
-Covers inspection, repair and condemnation

NFPA 52
Vehicle Installation Guidelines

Covers proper installation and system safety

Hard copy or downloadable
 “
Industry standard
”
 California makes it a law

OEM ’ s adhere to it

Fire Dept. recognized

Updated every few years
www.nfpa.org

NFPA 52 Sections
1.
Administration
2.
Referenced Publications
3.
Definitions
4.
General CNG Requirements
& Equipment Qualifications
5.
General GH2 Requirements &
Equipment Qualifications
6.
CNG Engine Fuel Systems
7.
Service & Maintenance of
GH2 Engine Fuels Systems
8.
CNG Compression, Gas
Processing, Storage, and
Dispensing Systems
9.
GH2 Compression, Gas processing, Storage, Dispensing
10.
CNG Residential Fueling
Facilities
11.
LNG Engine Fuel Systems
12.
LNG Fueling Facilities
13.
LH2 Fueling Facilities
14.
LNG Fire Protection
15.
Installation Requirements for
ASME Tanks for LNG
16.
LNG and CNG on Commercial
Marine Vessels and Pleasure
Craft

CGA 6.4
Inspection Procedures
•
Inspection procedures and damage assessment
•
Criteria for the acceptance or rejection of containers
•
Qualifications of inspectors

•
CGA 6.4
Inspection Procedures
•
Recommended minimum: inspection every 3 or 36,000 miles for life of container
•
Defines 3 levels of damage and appropriate actions for each
• Provides guidance on what the inspector must look for and how to make service/disposal determinations
• Manufacturer ’ s instructions take precedence
•
Proper documentation and labels required

•
CGA 6.4
Inspection Procedures
In addition, CGA 6.4 will provide what you need to know about:
• Brackets, straps, and mounting systems as recommended by the container manufacturer
• Labeling information
• Appropriate inspection equipment
Compressed Gas Association, Inc.
4221 Walney Road, 5 th Floor
Chantilly, VA 20151
703-788-2700 www.cganet.com
Hard copy or downloadable

Facility Considerations
Local laws and regulations vary
•NO Open flames or spark emitting equipment
•Sealed lighting
•Ventilation requirements
•Methane detectors and alarms
Each facility should obtain an Engineering survey by a company specializing in CNG facilities to determine what is needed at that location

Facility Considerations
•Local laws and regulations vary
•Each facility should obtain an Engineering survey by a company specializing in CNG facilities to determine what is needed at that location

Regulations & Guidelines for CNG & LNG
Vehicle Operation and Maintenance
• Know the codes
• Consult the experts
Questions? Contact one of the
Advanced Transportation Technology
& Energy Centers statewide
THANK YOU