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Natural Gas Powered Vehicles
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Historic CNG Vehicle and Equipment
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Powered by Natural Gas
1932 Chrysler “Ironsides” Powered By Mogas Natural Gas System
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Natural Gas for the Commercial Transportation Market
Market Overview
Commercial Vehicle Applications
Local/Regional
Food/Beverage distribution
Drayage
Municipal
Utilities
Current Chassis
PACCAR
DTNA/Freightliner
Volvo/Mack
Navistar
Current Engines
Cummins Westport GX
Cummins ISL-G
MaxxForce DT-ESI system
Future Development
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Natural Gas for the Commercial Transportation Market
Benefits/Attributes
• One of the cleanest fuels available – 25% GHG
reduction versus Clean Diesel
• Domestic Fuel Source
• Substantial fuel cost savings with long term stability
• Quiet – No diesel knock
• No diesel odor
• MAY reduce Emissions Control Technology
• Complexity (varies by Engine model)
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Natural Gas for the Commercial Transportation Market
Limitations/Opportunities
• Fuel Infrastructure is fragmented, not yet 100% suited
for commercial vehicles
• Range Anxiety
• Maintenance Infrastructure costs are high
($350k-$500K per site)
• Engine portfolio is limited, but expanding
• Vehicle Investment Premiums
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Natural Gas for the Commercial Transportation Market
Ryder/SANBAG Project
Cooperative project between Ryder, SANBAG, Department of Energy, and
California Energy Commission.
The project calls for:
The delivery of more than 202 natural gas powered commercial vehicles.
The creation of a natural gas maintenance infrastructure in Southern California
leveraging 3 of Ryder’s existing full service maintenance facilities.
The construction of two fuel stations (both LNG and CNG capable) with public
access available.
Construction under way for maintenance / fuel network.
Grand opening for Rancho Dominguez was May 4, 2011
Orange, CA will open for maintenance work in January 2012, Fuel in April or May
Fontana, CA will open for maintenance in April of 2012 and fuel in June or July
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Natural Gas for the Commercial Transportation Market
Ryder’s Current Experience
Through our active projects we have developed vast knowledge in the areas of:
• Facility design and layout
• Facility modifications required to maintain compliance to NFPA and Electric
Codes
• Natural Gas engine technology
• Fuel station design and layout
The result of that knowledge is demonstrated through:
• Our technician training programs, supported through direct OEM technical
relationships.
• Our employee (non-technical) natural gas awareness training
• Our customer and driver, training and awareness programs
• Community awareness training, regarding the environmental benefits of
natural gas.
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How Can Natural Gas Burn Cleaner than Diesel?
Diesel fuel, Oil, Coal, the other fossil
fuels, are chemically complex. They
contain higher proportions of carbon
and hydrogen. (C12 H26)
Natural gas has a simple chemical
make-up: one molecule of carbon and
four molecules of hydrogen (C H4).
That's what makes it burn so cleanly.
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Natural Gas for the Commercial Transportation Market
Natural Gas Availability
CNG Network - 1,000+ stations in North
America - Less than 50 thought to be
commercial vehicle viable
LNG Network - Currently only 7 public LNG
stations in U.S.
Natural Gas Pricing Versus Diesel
Natural Gas deposits in North America
Posted price 3/24/11, Long Bch, CA
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CNG FUEL CHARACTERIST
• Compressed Natural Gas
• 3600 PSI
• Same Methane that you have in your home
• Pipeline Sourced, then Compressed
• New Sources of Methane; Landfills and Farms
• Stored in High Pressure Cylinders on the Vehicles
• Fuel Dispensing Similar to Diesel
• Lowest Price NG versus LNG, (Well to Wheel)
• Fair Infrastructure; 1000 Stations in North America (less than 10% TruckFriendly)
• Heaviest Fuel – When Comparing Loaded 75 DGE Fuel System to Weight of
75 Gallon Diesel Fuel System, CNG is about 400 “net” Pounds Heavier
• Multiple Tanks Required to Carry Supply of CNG
• Current CNG configuration is 75 DGE’s (Diesel Gallon Equivalents) which
yield a potential 300-325 mile range
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LNG FUEL CHARACTERISTICS
• Liquefied NG – Methane is Cryogenically Frozen to 265 Degrees Below Zero F
• More Expensive than CNG - Due to processing and transportation cost
• Trucked to Storage Facilities
• Stored In Vacuum Tanks in Stations and on Vehicles
• Special Training and Protective Clothing Required for Vehicle Fueling
• LNG Vents to the Atmosphere as it Warms in the Storage Tanks (Station and Truck)
which equals a loss of efficiency
• Slightly Better Range Than CNG by volume
• Heavier than Diesel, but not as Heavy as CNG
• Poor Infrastructure
• More Stations Planned, but Slow in Actual Production - Clean Energy has plans
for 450 locations. 70 of them in 2012
• Current FTL configuration is 86 DGE’s (Diesel Gallon Equivalents) which yields a
potential 400-425 mile range per tank.
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Natural Gas Engine Technology
Dedicated FuelUses 100% natural gas
Spark ignited – less efficient combustion
Maintenance intervals may be shorter (more frequent ODI’s)
Eliminates need to utilize DPF’s or ATD’s for EPA ’10 Compliance
CNG or LNG
Currently ISL-G, MaxxForce DT, Cummins 11.9L (Late-2012)
Dual FuelUses a mix of diesel and natural gas
Ratio varies, but typically 85% to 90% NG
Compression combustion, uses diesel pilot burn for ignition source
More efficient combustion, better MPG’s
Potentially More complex after-treatment (DPF, SCR, DEF, NG)
CNG or LNG
Currently found in Cummins Westport GX (15L) and in upcoming MF13
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Natural Gas for the Commercial Transportation Market
NG Fueling Station
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Natural Gas for the Commercial Transportation Market
On-Vehicle Fuel Storage Configurations
Compressed Natural Gas - CNG
Liquefied Natural Gas - LNG
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Tractor Specifications
Model: Freightliner M2
Bumper to Back-of-Cab: 112”
Wheelbase: 185”
Engine: Cummins Westport ISL Gas
Horsepower: 320 HP (additional HP ratings to follow)
Torque: 1,000 lb/ft @ 1,300 RPM
Transmission: Allison 3000 HS Automatic
Front Axle Rating: 12,000lbs.
Rear Axle Rating: 40,000lbs.
Front Suspension: Taperleaf
Rear Suspension: AirLiner
Fuel Tanks: 147 Gallon LNG (86 DGE) CNG (75 DGE)
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Vehicle & Driver Safety - Methane Detection
•Sensors mounted in the cab, and
engine compartment
•Visually and audibly warns driver of
fuel leaks
•Trace amount (no concern)
•Significant amount (potential
hazard concern)
•NG will ignite when there is a 5%15% mixture in the air
•Methane Detection installed on LNG
and CNG vehicles
Mounted In The Overhead Console
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Fill Ports Standard and High Capacity Receptacles
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Vehicle Specifications for Fuel
Economy
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Vehicle Specifications for Fuel Economy
Transmissions
• Manual - Automated
• Overdrive
• Direct Drive
Axle Ratios
• Today’s Axle Ratios for Fuel Economy
Engine Selection
• Horse Power
•Torque
Controls
• Progressive Shifting
• Gear Down Protection
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Vehicle Specifications for Fuel Economy
Automated Transmissions
An automated mechanical transmission (AMT) is a manual
transmission that uses a computer to determine when the gear ratio
changes need to occur and a servo-mechanism to perform the shifts.
Most of today’s AMTs also use the AMT’s computer to determine
when the clutch needs to be operated and a servo-mechanism to
operate the clutch. The clutch pedal is removed and the vehicle is
operated very much like an automatic transmission equipped vehicle.
Benefits: Less acquisition cost than an automatic transmission and no
shifting distraction. You should get better fuel economy than a manual
or an automatic transmission. Less driver training.
Disadvantage: Higher acquisition cost than a manual transmission.
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Eaton - UltraShift PLUS
X-Y Shifter
Transmission
Control Module
Electric Clutch Actuator
Automated Transmission
10 Speed Overdrive Transmission – 3.42 Axle Ratio
9th
Gear
50 MPH = 1459 RPM
Difference is 379 RPM
Or .74 Over Drive
10th Gear
50 MPH = 1080 RPM
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10 Speed Direct Drive Transmission - 2.47 Axle Ratio
10th Gear @ 50 MPH
1054 RPM
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Vehicle Specifications for Fuel Economy
Horse Power Vs Torque
Torque = Startabilty and Gradeabilty
Horsepower = Road Speed
Engine and axle ratio must be selected to allow for
operation in the “sweet spot” at cruise speed.
Road speed change of 3 MPH could require an axle ratio
change
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Vehicle Specifications for Fuel Economy
Engine Selection – Sweet Spot
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Vehicle Specifications for Fuel Economy
Engine Selection
Peak torque engine speed is now at 1100 RPM
Fuel Economy:
1370 RPM @ 65 MPH cruise speed - 1650 lb ft ratings
for the fuel efficient spec.
Balanced:
1400 RPM @ 65 MPH cruise speed - balanced fuel
economy and performance spec.
Tire Rev per
X
mile
Rear
ratio
X
Transmission
Top Speed
X
/
ratio
wanted
60
=
Engine RPM
512
X 2.47 X
1
X
65
/
60
=
1370
512
X 3.42 X
0.74
X
65
/
60
=
1404
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Vehicle Specifications for Fuel Economy
Equipment Controls
Gear Down Protection offers a high range maximum Vehicle
Limit Speed to encourage the use of high (top) gear during
cruise operation.
Progressive Shift encourages the driver to up shift from a
lower to a higher gear prior to reaching the engine's
governed speed. The resulting lower engine speed in high
range should result in improved fuel economy.
Progressive shifting techniques should be practiced by every
driver, but can be forced if fleet management considers it
necessary. The benefits from progressive shifting are best
realized during stop-and-go driving cycles.
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Vehicle Specifications for Fuel Economy
Equipment Controls
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Vehicle Specifications for Fuel Economy
Aerodynamics
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Thank You
Arthur J. Trahan
Sr. Manager, National Accounts , Technical Support
Ryder Truck Rental
Miami, Florida
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