Global Technology Trends in Solar PV Power :
R&D and Commercial
Dr. B. Bhargava
5th November, 2012
Solar Photovoltaic Energy
Solar Cells : Technology Options
 Crystalline Silicon solar cells
-
Single, Multi, Ribbon
 Thin Film solar cells
-
Silicon, a-Si, m-Si, CdTe, CIGS
 Concentrating solar cells
-
Si, GaAs
 Dye, Organic, nano materials & other emerging solar cells
Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: World
HIGHEST SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCIES (WORLD)
TECHNOLOGY












Si SINGLE CRYSTAL
Si MULTI CRYSTAL
a-Si SINGLE JUNCTION
a-Si TRIPLE JUNCTION
a-Si/µc-Si(nc-Si)
CdTe
CIGS
Si FILMS
DYE
Organic
GaAs (500 x)
Si/GaAs (20 x)
AREA
EFF.
SQ. CM. %
4.00
1.00
1.00
0.27
1.20
1.00
1.00
4.01
1.00
1.0
0.4
0.4
24.7
20.3
12.7
13.5
10.1
17.3
19.6
16.6
11.0
10.0
40.7
42.8
GROUP
UNSW
FhG-ISE
SANYO
USSC
Kaneka
First Solar
NREL
Stuttgart University
Sharp
Mitsubishi
SPECTROLAB
Delaware Univ,
Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: India
TECHNOLOGY
SINGLE CRYSTAL
MULTI CRYSTAL
a-Si SINGLE JUNCTION
a-Si MULTI JUNCTION
a-Si/µc-Si(nc-Si)
CdTe
CIGS
Si FILMS
Dye Sensitized
Organic cells
AREA
SQ. CM.
64.00
100.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.41
0.98
1.00
1.00
EFF.
%
19.7
16.8
12.0
11.5
9.0
12.0
13.0
8.7
9.5
6.2
Group
CEL
Tata BP
IACS
IACS
IACS
NPL
IISC
Jadavpur
Amrita
NPL
Crystalline Silicon Solar Module Efficiency
TYPICAL IN PRODUCTION
INTERNATIONAL
INDIAN
 SINGLE CRYSTAL
15 – 20.4 %
14 – 17 %
 MULTI CRYSTAL
13 – 16%
13 – 16%
World PV Production Growth
45
40
35
30
25
GW
20
15
10
5
0
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
World PV Market and Production: 2011
World Top 10 PV Manufacturers: 2011
LDK
3
S har p
2.8
S untech
2.4
Fir st S olar
2.3
JA S olar
2.2
GW
Canadian
2
Tr ina
1.9
Y angli
1.7
Hanwah
1.5
Jinko
1.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
World: 2011 PV Equipment Suppliers
World Top 10 PV Plants: 2011
Location
Capacity MWp
Technology
Perovo. Ukraine
100
c-si
Sarnia, Canada
92
CdTe
Montalto di Castro, Italy
84
c-Si
Finsterwalde, Germany
83
c-Si
Ohotnikovo, Ukraine
80
c-Si
Senftenberg, Germany
78
c-Si
Lieberose, Germany
71
CdTe
Rovigo, Italy
70
c-Si
Olmedilla de Alarcón, Spain
60
c-Si
Boulder City, USA
55
CdTe
Major PV Markets : 2010 & 2011
Solar for India
 Most parts of India receive
good solar radiation 4- 7
kWh/sq. m/day
 Possible to meet growing
energy demands and cover
deficit areas
 Can substantially reduce
consumption of kerosene
and diesel for lighting and
power generation
 Provide access and
empowerment at grass root
level
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is one of the

-
-
major global initiatives in promotion of solar energy
technologies, announced by the Government of India
under National Action Plan on Climate Change.
Mission aims to achieve grid tariff parity by 2022
through
Large scale utilization and rapid diffusion and
deployment of solar technologies across the country
at a scale which leads to cost reduction
R&D
Local manufacturing and support infrastructure
15
JNNSM Road Map
Application segment
Grid solar power
incl. roof top &
distribution grid
connected plants
Off-grid solar
applications
Solar collectors
Target for Cumulative
Phase I Target for
(2010-13)
Phase 2
(2013-17)
1,000 MW
4,000 MW
10,000 MW
100 MW
200 MW
7 million
sq meters
1,000 MW
Cumulative
Target for
Phase 3
(2017-22)
20,000 MW
2,000 MW
15 million 20 million sq
sq meters
meters
16
JNNSM Strategy
Graduated deployment to nucleate critical mass till costs
come down and thereafter rapid scale up
 Consultative process to finalize the guidelines
 Enabling policy and regulatory frame work
 Supporting Utility scale power generation
 Expanding off-grid applications
 Accelerating Research and Development
 Enhancing Domestic manufacturing base
17
Fiscal Incentives
 100% Foreign Direct Investment
 Zero Customs & Excise Duties on solar cells, modules and




many raw materials and grid power projects
5% Customs and Excise duty on many other raw materials,
components
Tax - holiday for (i) setting up units in backward and
specified areas; and (ii) grid power projects
80% accelerated depreciation in the first year for certain
capital investments
Grant for carrying out research and development and
technology validation projects
Growth in Indian PV Production
Production in MW
700
Solar
Cell
600
600
PV
Module
500
400
300
300
320
240 240
200
175
100
20 20
22 23
25 36
32 45
37
65
45
80
135
110
0
2001-02
2003-04
2002-03
2005-06
2004-05
2007-08
2006-07
Year
2009-10
2008-09
2010-11
Indian PV Industry
 More than 80 companies, with installed capacity of over 1.8
GW make PV modules (As of March, 2012)
- 15 companies manufacture solar cells (> 700 MW installed
capacity)
 Manufacturing of various raw materials, components,
devices and systems is coming up/expanding (Poly silicon,
wafers, glass, EVA, back sheet, grid inverters, off-grid
BoS, structures etc.)
 Production capacity of 3-5 GWp likely by 2020
20
Status of PV in India
Lights
90
Pumps
14
Off grid Plants
62
Int Projects
1000
Grid Plants
1044
Others
270
Railways
55
Telecom
65
2600 MW : 53,00,000 SYSTEMS
30/09/2012
Grid Solar PV Power Plants in India
 1044 MW capacity new Grid Solar Power projects
commissioned by September, 2012 in 16 States
K ar nataka
14
T. N .
15
Jhar khand
16
Mahar ashtr a
20
Other s
80
A. P .
22
R ajasthan
199
Gujar at
680
22
PV Capital Cost & CERC Tariff Trends
Proposed Cost Goal for PV : 2017
 PV Module
: < Rs. 30 per Wp
 BoS
: < Rs. 25 per Wp
 Cost of Electricity
: ~ Rs. 4 - 6 per kWh
24
Projection for Grid Parity in India
14
12
10
8
Solar
Tariff 5%
Tariff 3%
6
HT Tariff 3%
4
2
0
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
2021-22
R&D Strategy
 Research at Academic/ Research Institutions on materials
and devices with long-term perspective
 Applied Research on existing processes and developing
new technologies
 Technology Validation aimed at field evaluation of
materials, components and systems
 Development of Centers of Excellence on different aspects
of Solar Energy in research and education & Testing and
Characterization
 Support for Incubation and Innovation
 International collaborations – institutional/industrial
26
R&D in PV
- Focus on development of materials, devices and BOS
-
-

including storage materials and methods
Identify research goals and thrust areas of research
Support research across the entire value chain
Involve industry in research and technology validation
projects
The outcome of the research should lead to (i)
improvements in the efficiencies, (ii) reduction in the
material and energy consumption in manufacturing, (iii)
improving the reliability, quality and life expectancy of the
balance of system components.
This will lead to achieving grid tariff parity during 2015 - 2017
Recent Initiatives in PV R&D
 Development of poly silicon material (Maharishi Solar)
 20 -22% efficiency single crystal silicon cells (IIT-Mumbai)
 10 – 12% efficiency nano crystalline thin film modules
(IACS-Kolkata, HHV-Bangalore, NPL-New Delhi, BES
University,-Howrah)
 12- 15% efficiency CIGS cells (Moser Baer. NPL, KIIT
University)
 10- 12 % efficiency Dye sensitized cells (Amrita Nano Centre,
IIT-Kanpur)
 6% efficiency organic-inorganic hetero junction cells (IITDelhi, Delhi University)
Recent Initiatives in PV R&D
 Long term performance evaluation and training facility for Grid Solar
PV Power at KPCL, Bangalore
 Long term performance evaluation and testing of solar lights at TERI
University, New Delhi
 Long term performance evaluation of PV modules at SEC
 Development of batteries (CECRI-SEC)
 Development of inverters (IIT-B, BES University)
Solar Energy Centre
 Solar Energy Centre (SEC) near New Delhi under the Ministry is the lead
Centre for testing and training in solar energy in the country
 SEC has NABL accredited testing facilities for PV module qualification as
per Indian and International standards
 SEC is imparting training in solar energy at various levels
 SEC is regularly conducting international training programmes in solar
energy
 Demonstration of several solar PV and thermal applications including
setting up of 1 MW capacity solar thermal simulation and validation
facility at SEC is under progress
30
Solar PV outdoor test bed at SEC
PV R&D Goals towards 2022
Type of Solar cell Present Status
Production
(R&D)
Conversion efficiency target(%)
2012
2017
2022
Single Crystal
silicon solar cell
15 – 17%
(19.7%)
Multi Crystal
silicon solar cell
14.5 – 16.5%
(16.8%)
Thin-film a-Si
solar cell
(Single/multi jn)
5 – 7%
(9 – 12%)
8 (13)
10 (14)
12 (15)
Thin-film aSi/mc Si or nc
tandem solar cell
(11%)
9(12)
13 (16)
16 (20)
Polycrystalline
solar cell
Cd Te (12%)
CIGS (13%)
18 (20)
22(24)
24 (26)
17
20(22)
22 (24)
(15)
13 (16)
15(20)
18 (22)
20(25)
PV R&D Goals towards 2022
Type of Solar cell Present Status
Production
(R&D)
Dye/ organic
nano based solar
cell
(3-9.5%)
Multi junction
Conc solar cell
GaAS group
Conversion efficiency target(%)
2012
(5 -12)
--
Conc Cells Si
-
Module Life
in years
25
25
2017
2022
7-9 (15)
12-15 (20)
35(40)
40 (43)
25 (28)
27 (30)
> 30
> 35
Conclusions
 Indian policies have created investment
friendly environment in the country for
entire range of activities announced under
the Mission
 India centric R&D and local manufacturing
necessary to reduce the cost to achieve grid
parity preferably by 2015-17
 Partnerships necessary with global
stakeholders
 India to be a major global player in PV
technology
Thank You
bhargavabh@gmail.com