INSTITUTE OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCES
INSTITUTE OF METALLURGY
AND MATERIALS SCIENCES
30-059 Krakow, Reymonta St. 25
tel: (+48 12) 637 42 00, 637 45 80,
fax: (+48 12) 637 21 92
www: htp://www.imim.pl
Photovoltaic Laboratory
43-340 Kozy, Krakowska St. 22
tel/fax.: (+48 33) 8174 249
e-mail: marlipin@wp.pl
Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
Thirty years experience in R&D of silicon solar cells
 First Si solar cell in Poland (1977)
 The unique laboratory in Poland which makes solar cells
The main reaserch topics:
 Texturization of mc-Si
 Diffusion
 Passivation of the Si surfaces
 Passivation and gettering of mc-Si
 Antireflection Coatings
 Porous slicon layer
 SiNx:H (PECVD) (in cooperation with others laboratories)
 TiOx (spray, CVD)
 Metallization by Screen Printing
 Characterization of solar cells
PROJECTS
 „Elaboration of high efficiency monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon
solar cell”, in the frame of the project „Development of Photovoltaics to
Produce Electricity in Poland” - PBZ KBN 05/T11/98 (1999-2002)
 „Graded layers for high efficiency silicon solar cell application” in the
frame of „Designing and producing functionally graded materials”PBZ/T08/2003 (2004-2007).
 Statutory works of IMSA PAS: „Defect engineering in polycrystalline
silicon for the silicon solar cells” (2005-2007).
 „Passivation of multycrystalline silicon and fabrication silicon
nanoparticles by using SiNx:H layers”, N N507 444234 (2008-2010)
 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells with Point Back Contacts Formed by Laser
Method (2008-2010)
 Research in the frame scientific network: PV-TECH – „Development of
new technologies and research techniques in the field of silicon solar
cells”, 2008-2009
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
 Two Infrared belt furnaces (RTC type LA-310)
 The industrial furnace for diffusion and heat treatment processes
 The semiautomatic screen-printer
 The four-point resistive probe
 The measuring system for I-V solar cells characteristics
 The measuring system for Spectral Response
 WCT-120 Wafer Lifetime Testing Instrument and Suns-Voc Stage
from Sinton Consulting, Inc.
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science in Cracow

Instron mechanical testing machines: (Instron 6025, 3382)

XRD Philips diffractometers: (Philips PW 1840 Bruker D8 Discover)

TEM Philips CM20 (200kW) with EDAX system

HRTEM TECNAI G2 FEG20 (200kV) with EDAX system

SEM Philips XL30 with LINK ISIS EDX system and ESEM Philips with
EBSD system for imaging orientation microscopy

Spectrometer Jobin Yvon Glow Discharge JY 10 000 RF

Full equipment for sample preparation including galium ion cutting (focus
ion beam-FIB), jet electropolishing unit, GATAN ion beam thinner
Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
Infrared Furnace System
LA-310 RTC
for diffusion
Infrared Furnace System
LA-310 RTC
for metallization
Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
POCl3 diffusion
and thermal passivation
Furnace System
Semiautomatic screen-printer
de Haart
Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
I-V solar cells
characteristics system
Four-point
resistivity probe
Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
WCT-120 Wafer Lifetime Testing Instrument and Suns-Voc Stage
from Sinton Consulting, Inc.
Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy
Multicrystalline silicon solar cell 100 cm2 with SiNx
antireflection coating
Texturization of mono- and multicrystalline Si wafers
SEM micrograph of
mono-Si wafer textured
with a KOH solution.
SEM micrograph of multi-Si
wafer textured with acid
solution.
Electrical Parameters
Electrical parameters of solar cells 100 cm2
Solar cell
mono-Si
TiOx-ARC
multi-Si
SiNx-ARC
Isc
(A)
Voc
(mV)
FF
(%)
Eff
(%)
3.20
600
76.0
16.0
3.00
600
75.0
14.0
1. M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Z. Świątek, E. Bełtowska, R. Ciach, Double porous silicon layer on multi-crystalline Si
for photovoltaic application, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72 (2002) 271-276.
2. V.Y Yerokhov, M. Lipiński, R. Ciach, H. Nagel, A. Mylyanych, P. Panek, Cost-effective methods of texturing
for silicon solar cells, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72 (2002) 291-298.
3. M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Z. Świątek, E. Bełtowska, R. Ciach, Double porous silicon layer on multi-crystalline Si
for photovoltaic application, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72 (2002) 271-276.
4. V.Y Yerokhov, M. Lipiński, R. Ciach, H. Nagel, A. Mylyanych, P. Panek, Cost-effective methods of texturing
for silicon solar cells, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72 (2002) 291-298.
5. M. Lipiński, P. Panek, H. Czternastek, The Influence of Surface Modification on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells,
Molecular Physics Reports 36 (2002) 123-126.
6. P. Panek, M. Lipiński, R. Ciach, K. Drabczyk, E. Bielańska, The Infrared Processing in Multicrystalline Silicon
Solar Cells Low Cost Technology,Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 76 (2003) 529-534.
7. P. Panek, M. Lipiński, R. Ciach, K. Drabczyk, E. Bielańska, The Infrared Processing in Multicrystalline Silicon
Solar Cells Low Cost Technology, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 76 (2003) 529-534.
8. K. Drabczyk, P. Panek, M. Lipiński, The Influence of Porous Silicon on Junction Formation in Silicon Solar
Cells, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 76 (2003)545-551.
9. M. Lipiński, S. Bastide, P. Panek, C. Levy-Clement, Porous Silicon Antireflection Coating by Electrochemical
and Chemical Etching for Silicon Solar Cell manufacturing,Phys. Stat. Sol. (A) 197 (2003) 512-517.
10. M. Lipiński, P.Panek, E. Bełtowska, H. Czternastek, Reduction of Surface reflectivity by Using Double porous
Silicon Layers, Materials Science & Engineering B101, (2003) 297-299.
11. P. Panek, M. Lipiński, E. Bełtowska-Lehman, K. Drabczyk, and R. Ciach, Industrial technology of
multicrystalline silicon solar cells, Opto-electronics Review, 11(2003) 269-275.
12. M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Optimisation of monocrystalline silicon solar cell, Industrial technology of
multicrystalline silicon solar cells, Opto-electronics Review, 11(2003) 291-295.
13. M. Lipiński, P. Zięba, S. Jonas, M. Sokołowski, H. Czternastek, Optimisation of SiNx: H layer for
multicrystalline silicon solar cells, Opto-Electronics Review 12(1), (2004) 4114. P. Panek, Effect of macroporous silicon layer on opto-electrical parametres of multicrystalline silicon solar
cell, OPTO-ELECTRONICS REVIEW, 12(1) (2004) 45-48.
15. P. Panek, M. Lipiński and J. Dutkiewicz, Texturization of Multicrystalline Silicon By Wet Chemical Etching For
Silicon Solar Cells, Journal of Materials Science, Journal of Materials Science 40 (2005)1459-1463.
16. M. Lipiński, P. Zięba, A. Kamiński, Crystalline silicon solar cells in Foundation of Materials Design,
2006:285-308 ISBN:81-308-0093-4, Editors: K.J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major and P. Zięba, Research Signpost
37/661 (2), Fort P.O., Trivandrium-695 023, Kerala, India
17. M. Lipiński, T. Piotrowski, P. Panek, J. Cichoszewski, Investigation of influence of gettering and passivation on
lifetime distribution in mc-Si, 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Dresden
Germany (2006) 1493-1496.
18. M. Lipiński, A. Kamiński, J.-F. Lelievre, M. Lemiti, E. Foumond, J. Dupis, P. Zięba, Investigation of graded
SiOxNy antireflection coatings, 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Dresden
Germany (2006) 1289-1292.
19. M. Lipiński, S. Kluska, H. Czternastek, P. Zięba, Graded SiOxNy layers antireflection coating or solar cells
application, Materials Science 24, No.4, (2006) 1009-1016.
20. M. Lipiński, P. Panek, S. Kluska, P. Zięba, A. Szyszka, B. Paszkiewicz, Defect passivation of multicrytsalline
silicon solar cells by silicon nitride coatings, Materials Science, 24, no.4, (2006)1003-1007
21. M. Lipiński, A. Kamiński, J.-F. Lelievre, M.Lemiti, E. Foumond, P. Zięba, Investigation of graded index
SiOxNy antireflection coating for silicon solar cell manufacturing, phys. stat. sol.4, No.4 (2007)1566-1569.
22. J-F. Lelievre, H. Rodriguez, E.Fourmond, S.Quizola, M. Lipiński, D. Araujo, G. Bremond, M. Lemiti, Electro
optical characterization for the control of silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiNx:H films, phys. stat. sol. 4,
No.4, (2007) 1554-1559.
23. M.Lipiński, A. Kamiński, J.-F. Lelievre, M.Lemiti, E. Foumond, P. Zięba, Investigation of graded index
SiOxNy antireflection coating for silicon solar cell manufacturing, phys.stat.sol. © 4, No,4, (2007)1566-1569
24. W.Jung, T.Piotrowski, S.Sikorski, M. Lipiński, P. Panek, P. Zięba, Study of bulk photovoltaic effect and
photovoltaic barrier effect distribution in multicrystalline silicon, phys.stat.sol. ©4, No.8, (2007), 2918-2922.
25. M. Lipiński, P. Zięba, A. Kamiński, Crystalline silicon solar cells in Foundation of Materials Design, 2006:285308 ISBN:81-308-0093-4, Editors: K.J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major and P. Zięba, Research Signpost 37/661 (2),
Fort P.O., Trivandrium-695 023, Kerala, India.
26.
27.
M. Lipiński, R. Mroczyński, Optimisation of multilayers antireflectuion coating for solar cells, Archives of
Metallurgy and Materials, 53 (2008) 189-192.
M. Lipiński, Macroporous texturing of multicrystalline silicon for solar cells, Archives of Metallurgy and
Materials, 53 (2008) 185-187.