RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
PROCEDURE DESIGN
MASTER CLASS
EUROCONTROL
• James (Jim) W Gregory
• Civil Aviation Inspector and ATPL
pilot with Transport Canada AIS and
Airspace Standards
• Chair of ICAO OCP
• Participant at many RNAV related
forums (RTCA SC-181, ATA FMS Task
Force, FMS SID/STAR WG)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
PROCEDURE DESIGN
MASTER CLASS
• History of RNAV
• History of ARINC 424
• Problems related to existing
procedures
• Reason for limited ARINC 424 set
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV
(According to Gregory!!)
• Area Navigation (RNAV)
• a method of navigation that permits
aircraft operation on any desired course
within the coverage of stationreferenced navigation signals or within
the limits of a self contained system
capability, or a combination of these.
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV
EUROCONTROL
(According to Gregory!!)
• RNAV developed to provide more lateral
freedom
• Better use of airspace
• Route not tied to fly-over navigation aids
• Initially RNAV commonly meant VOR
based rho-theta RNAV systems
• Expanded to also include INS/IRS,
OMEGA, LORAN C, Doppler, DME/DME
and GNSS
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV
EUROCONTROL
(According to Gregory!!)
• Use of RNAV began in late 1960’s
• Most were VOR/DME RNAV systems (for GA
types; INS for large air carriers)
• 1st commercial RNAV system (course/track
line computer) NARCO CLC-60 in mid 1968
• System used waypoints based on radial/DME
from VOR/DME facilities
• Maximum distance WP from facility was
approximately 40 NM
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV
EUROCONTROL
(According to Gregory!!)
Early VOR/DME RNAV system (KNS 80)
track line computer
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV
EUROCONTROL
(According to Gregory!!)
Rho-Theta RNAV Route Haines to Belgrade
No database support
required yet!
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV
(According to Gregory!!)
• Other agencies began exploring
RNAV systems
• KLM/SwissAir/SAS/UTA had a co-operative
effort
• SwissAir became responsible for the
development of a database to support this
effort
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV
(According to Gregory!!)
• 1972 (?) LITTON INS had database of
facilities
• June 1973, National Air DC-10
equipped with Collins ANS-70
conducted RNAV operation,
including approaches in VMC, with
database
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• 1973 - avionics manufacturer’s
requirement for databases became
more critical
• Each manufacturer had their own
unique requirements for data
• Aug 1973 - Jeppesen invites avionics
manufacturers to meet
• Meeting described as cautious
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
EUROCONTROL
(According to Gregory!!)
• Airlines Electronic Engineering
Committee (AEEC) approached to broker
industry standards for databases for
navigation
• Sep 1973 - AEEC Area Navigation
Subcommittee established working
group to standardize RNAV system
reference data format and encoding
characteristics
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• Committee noted:
• different RNAV manufacturers taking
divergent paths with respect to reference
data organization
• unless trend was halted, airline industry
would face very high costs of supporting
the production of data files in several
different formats
• economic benefits would result if resolution
could be established
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• WG met Jan 74
• examined ways different
manufacturers dealt with reference
data organization
• meeting described as “interesting”
as attendees were engineers whose
interests were not specifically
Aeronautical Information Services
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• Subsequent WG meetings in Mar and May
74 concentrated on defining
characteristics for data elements
• AEEC RNAV subcommittee reviewed WG’s
first draft “Project Paper 424” Sep 74
• RNAV subcommittee endorsed principles
established by WG
• RNAV subcommittee took on work itself
and disbanded the WG
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• Second draft document developed in
Jan 75
• additional amendments constituted
3rd draft
• 3rd draft “Project Paper 424 - Area
Navigation System Data Base
Specification” approved by AEEC in
Spring 75
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• ARINC Specification 424, adopted by
AEEC, first published 21 May 75
• Spec amended regularly
• each amendment following first
publication identified as 424-1, 424-2,
424-3, etc
• information up to ARINC 424-3 only
included point-to-point-to-point
navigation
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• ARINC 424-3, published 4 Nov 82,
introduced concept of “path and
terminator”
• “path and terminator” concept
created by Sperry
• concept permits coding of terminal
area procedures, SIDs, STARs and
approaches
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
EUROCONTROL
(According to Gregory!!)
• Concept established “rules” of coding
• Concept includes a set of defined
codes known as “path terminators” or
“leg type”
• Path Terminator “rules” contained in
ARINC 424 Attachment 5
• Currently there are 23 different “leg
types”
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Track to Fix (TF)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Initial Fix (IF)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Hold to Fix (HF), Hold to Altitude (HA),
Hold to Manual termination (HM)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Direct to Fix (DF)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Fix to Altitude (FA)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Course to Fix (CF)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Procedure turn to Intercept (PI)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Course to Altitude (CA)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Course to Intercept (CI)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Course to DME termination (CD)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Course to Radial interception (CR)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Fix to distance on Course (FC)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Fix to DME termination (FD)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Fix to Manual termination (FM)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Arc to a Fix (AF)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Heading to DME distance (VD)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Heading to Altitude (VA)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Heading to Manual termination (VM)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Heading to next leg Intercept (VI)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Heading to Radial termination (VR)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Radius to a Fix (RF)
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
Certain path terminator assumptions
are made to accommodate aircraft
performance:
• speed - 210 K ground speed used to
compute distance based upon 3.5 NM
per min
• on course reversal - max distance of 4.3 NM
used before turn inbound if no distance or
time specified
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• Max 25 degree bank angle used to
compute turn radius
• climb rate of 500 feet per NM used in
computations
• intercept angles - no specified, 30
degrees for intercept of localizer based
and 30 - 45 degrees for all others
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• Path terminator concept developed
to code existing conventional
instrument procedures
• However, not all conventional
procedures easily coded
• “conditional” procedures, easy for
pilot to interpret, are difficult for
computer to describe
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
EUROCONTROL
(According to Gregory!!)
• Industry made representation to
ICAO OCP RNAV WG in Jun 91
regarding problems with coding
conventional procedures
• OCP 10 Nov 94 proposed amendment
9 to PANS-OPS Vol I regarding use of
FMS/RNAV on conventional
procedures:
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
EUROCONTROL
(According to Gregory!!)
• “FMS/RNAV…may be used…provided:
• procedure is monitored using basic display
normally associated with that procedure;
and
• tolerances for flight using raw data on the
basic display are complied with.”
• “Lead radials are for non-RNAV
equipped aircraft and are not intended
to restrict the use of turn anticipation by
the FMS”
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• Furthermore, agreement to have FMSequipped aircraft fly tracks instead of
procedural headings provided heading
not required for ATC separation
• Industry requesting that design of
terminal area procedures be
compatible with increasing number
of FMS equipped aircraft
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
EUROCONTROL
(According to Gregory!!)
• New criteria introduced into PANSOPS to cater to the needs of the
modern aircraft navigation databases
•
•
•
•
•
VOR/DME RNAV (Chap 31)
GNSS “basic receiver” criteria (Chap 33)
DME/DME RNAV (Chap 32)
RNP (Chap 35)
BARO-VNAV (Chap 34)
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• When developing RNAV procedures,
following path terminators
accommodate all procedures:
• IF, TF, DF, FA, CF, HF, HA, and HM
• When developing RNP RNAV
procedures, the following path
terminators are only used:
• IF, TF, RF, (DF and FA -discouraged), (CF - to
be phased out), HF, HA and HM
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• OCP 12 introduced material for
PANS-OPS Vol II and Procedure
Design Manual concerning path
terminators, their definitions, and
their application
• Encourage procedure designers to
become more knowledgeable about
path terminator
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• On a personal note:
• aircraft operation is becoming more reliant
upon computer technology rather than pilot
skill
• computers are smart - but cannot think yet!
• the days of decision making with regard to
navigation is being replaced by
“monitoring”
• crowded skies dictate clearly defined
airspace structure and procedures
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
• Hence, the reason for procedure
designers to clearly understand the
airborne technology
• You are the people who have the
greatest influence on the success (or
failure) of RNAV and RNP RNAV
implementation
EUROCONTROL
RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class
HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC
(According to Gregory!!)
EUROCONTROL