Photo ©David French. Used with permission.

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?
 FROM WHICH BUDGET?

• IMPROVED LIGHT OUTPUT
• RGBAW AND MORE
• HOMOGENIZED BEAM
• REDUCED MATERIAL COST
• FOCUS ON LUMINAIRE DESIGN
• FINDING THE HOLY GRAIL

 REDUCING POWER DENSITY IS NOT THE DRIVING
FORCE AS IN ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING; DUTY
CYCLE IS GENERALLY NOT THERE - STAGE
LIGHTING IS NORMALLY EXEMPTED BY ENERGY
CODES
 OPERATIONAL ADVANTAGES OF LED ARE THE
DRIVING FORCE FOR ADOPTION IN
ENTERTAINMENT LIGHTING AS MUCH AS
PAYBACK ISSUES, MAYBE MORE SO

 No re-lamping means greater reliability, key halogen lamps in a theatre are still 300 hours life!!
 No expendable color media hassle, gels burn out
 Unlimited color selection, cue by cue
 Fewer lighting sources required
 Can use home made gobos
 Cooler, therefore safer fixtures
 Much more flexibility from a fixed repertory light plot than a similar plot using conventional instruments
 Fixture by fixture control, regardless of circuiting

 USED FOR COLOR WASHES
 TRADITIONALLY PARS OR FRESNELS
 ONE OF THE FIRST TYPES TO HAVE A VIABLE LED
EQUAL
 RGB IS ACCEPTABLE HERE

 STILL USED FOR COLOR TONING AND
SOMETIMES FOR LIGHTING BACK DROPS
 TRADITIONAL SOURCES ARE HUGE WATTAGE
HOGS
 TRADITIONAL FIXTURES HAVE “PAR-LIKE”
DISTRIBUTION - EASY FOR LED
 SATURATED COLORS PREFERRED - EASY FOR LED

 TRADITIONAL EVOLUTION FROM BORDER
LIGHTS, THINK WALL WASH FIXTURE,
ASYMETRICAL REFLECTOR
 TRADITIONAL SOURCES ARE HUGE WATTAGE
HOGS AND REQUIRE MANY CIRCUITS
 SATURATED COLORS PREFERRED - EASY FOR LED

 MANY TYPES EXIST, BUT THE WASH
LUMINAIRES NOW HAVE VIABLE LED
EQUALS
 TRADITIONAL SOURCES ARE HID - VERY
HIGH LAMP COSTS, MAINTENANCE ISSUES
 SATURATED COLORS PREFERRED - EASY
FOR LED

 THE HOLY GRAIL, JUST NOW COMING ON THE MARKET FROM MANY
MANUFACTURERS
 HARD EDGE SOURCE WITH INTERNAL FOCAL POINT, TRADITIONALLY
ACHIEVED WITH ELLIPSOIDAL REFLECTOR
 USED FOR FRONT LIGHTING, LONGER THROWS AND PATTERN PROJECTION
THE WORK HORSE IN EVERY THEATRE
 ACHIEVING THE REQUIRED BEAM CHARACTERISTICS HAS BEEN A
CHALLENGE
 USED TO LIGHT ACTING AREAS - PASTELS AND FLESH TONES ARE MORE
IMPORTANT THAN SATURATED COLORS - THIS REQUIRES RGBA OR RGBAW

 FULL RANGE DIMMING REQUIREMENTS HAVE DICTATED HALOGEN SOURCES
 HOUSE LIGHTS ARE TYPICALLY VERY DIFFICULT TO SERVICE
 HALOGEN SOURCES DRIVE THE NEED FOR DIMMER CABINETS THAT OTHER-WISE MIGHT NOT BE
NECESSARY
 THERE ARE NOW LED SOURCES AVAILABLE FOR HIGH CEILING APPLICATIONS THAT ALSO
INCORPORATE FULL RANGE DMX DIMMING
 0-10 VOLT OR ELV DIMMING MAY BE ACCEPTABLE IN CAFETORIUMS OR OTHER VENUES WHERE
FULL DIMMING IS NOT AN EXPECTATION
 SOME FIXTURES TAKE ADVANGE OF RGBW TECHNOLOGY TO ALLOW HOUSE LIGHT COLOR-
MIXING
 DMX CONTROL ALLOWS FLEXIBILITY IN CONTROL ZONES MUCH THE SAME WAY DALI AND
ADDRESSABLE BALLASTS ALLOW IT IN ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING

 THIS IS NOT YOUR DADDY’S
STAGE LIGHTING SYSTEM
 WE ARE ON THE EDGE, OR
MAYBE PAST, A SEISMIC SHIFT
IN SYSTEM DESIGN
 IS YOUR PROJECT A
CANDIDATE TO MAKE THE
LEAP?

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
CENTRALIZED DIMMER RACK
FEEDING DISCREET CIRCUITS
CIRCUITS ARE DISTRIBUTED
BASED ON THE NEED FOR
CONTROL FLEXIBILITY AS MUCH
AS LOAD REQUIREMENTS
QUANTITY OF CIRCUITS OFTEN
DROVE FEEDERS TO LARGER
SIZES OUT OF LINE WITH
ACTUAL LOADS

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
SMALLER FEEDS
REDUCED NEED FOR
CONVENTIONAL DIMMING
NEED TO TURN POWER SUPPLIES
OFF - PHANTOM POWER ISSUES
WHERE DIMMING IS REQUIRED IT
CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED USING
DISTRIBUTED DIMMING DEVICES
NO NEED FOR K-RATED
TRANSFORMERS
REDUCES LOAD ON AIR-
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

 EACH FIXTURE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES ARE
CONTROLLED DISCREETLY VIA DIGITAL
SIGNALS, TYPICALLY DMX
 DMX DATA NEEDS TO BE DISTRIBUTED
THROUGHOUT THE SPACE THROUGH
THE USE OF SPLITTERS OR ETHERNET
 EACH FIXTURE CAN TAKE MORE THAN A
DOZEN CHANNELS OF CONTROL
 CONTROL CONSOLES EXIST TO MAKE
CONTROLLING ALL OF THIS EASIER

 SEVERAL FACTORS TO CONSIDER
 LUMINAIRE COST
 REDUCTION OF DIMMING EQUIPMENT
 INSTALLATION SAVINGS
 OPERATIONAL COST SAVINGS



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
20 – 30 % FEWER LUMINAIRES REQUIRED
WASH FIXTURES:


CONVENTIONAL: $100 - $300
LED $500 - $1,500
BORDER LIGHTS (not specified much now)
 6’ R40 - $600.00
 LED - $2,500 - $4,500

Yes, really
CYC LIGHTS


CONVENTIONAL 1000w FOUR CELL UNIT- $1,400
LED - SINGLE CELL - $1,200 - $1,800

 AUTOMATED LIGHTING WASH FIXTURES
 CONVENTIONAL $1,500 - $10,000
 LED $2,000 - $10,000
 PROFILE

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CONVENTIONAL - 575 watt 19-50 degree - $350
LED $1,000 - $3,500
 Yes, really
 HOUSE LIGHTS

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CONVENTIONAL 500W T4 $300 - $500.00
LED $1,000 – 1,500.00

• 96 CIRCUIT DIMMER RACK - $20,000
• K-RATED TRANSFORMERS NOT REQUIRED
• ELIMINATION OF DIMMER ROOM
• DISTRIBUTED DIMMING AND RELAYS
• SMALLER FOOTPRINT
• LESS LOAD ON AIR-CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT

• REDUCED LOADS MEAN SMALLER FEEDERS
• FEWER CIRCUITS REQUIRED
• CAN USE COMMON NEUTRALS IN SOME
CASES
• NEED TO DISTRIBUTE DATA, BUT WE ARE
ALREADY DOING THAT
• MAY REDUCE THE NEED FOR ACCESS TO
EQUIPMENT

 Used 200 days per year, 6 hours per day, 60% diversity,
.15/kW hour
 Consumables such as lamps based on published hours
 TYPICAL HIGH SCHOOL - CONVENTIONAL
 EQUIPMENT COST - $139,000.00
 INSTALLATION AND YEAR ONE COST - $88,116
 TOTAL - $227,116
 ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS - $15,516

 Used 200 days per year, 6 hours per day, 60% diversity,
.15/kW hour
 Replacement lamps are not an issue
 TYPICAL HIGH SCHOOL - LED
 EQUIPMENT COST - $197,482
 INSTALLATION AND YEAR ONE COST - $37,954
 TOTAL - $235,436
 ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS - $2,104

 Assume an L70 of 50,000 hours
 Assume usage at 6 hours per day, 200 days per year
 Life expectancy would be over 40 years!!
 Things break before that - LED equipment is more expensive to replace which must be considered
 Annual Operating Savings pays for brand new equipment in about 15 years at today’s dollars

 Very significant operational advantages to an LED theatre lighting system
 If you have the budget you can do an all LED theatre
 Even if you have a “conventional” budget you can incorporate LED to an extent that is significant enough to drive your system design
 Provide for the future use of LED in your system design
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Distribute Data
Provide Capacity in the Control System
 Provide the ability to turn power supplies off

 QUESTIONS
 DISCUSSION
 THANK YOU