Ted Shapiro
SVP, General Counsel Europe
Motion Picture
Association-Europe
WIPO SEMINAR 27 May
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“THE TIME WHEN THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT AND
ITS INTERNATIONAL REGIME WAS A RELATIVELY
SIMPLE AND WELL-DEFINED SUBJECT HAS
PASSED. THE PRODUCTION OF COPYRIGHTED
WORKS AND THEIR USES HAVE BEEN
ENORMOUSLY ENLARGED IN THE LAST QUARTER
CENTURY. THE CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS
BETWEEN PRODUCERS OF LITERARY, MUSICAL
AND ARTISTIC WORKS, AND THEIR CONSUMERS
AND INTERMEDIARIES AFFECT LARGE GROUPS
AND INVOLVE GREAT SOCIAL INTERESTS.
STEPHEN P. LADAS: PREFACE, THE INTERNATIONAL
PROTECTION OF LITERARY AND ARTISTIC PROPERTY
(MACMILLAN COMPANY, 1938)
Malheureusement, trop souvent, le droit d'auteur est
présenté comme un obstacle à la création d'un marché
numérique unique. Je crois que ce n'est pas juste. Le droit
d'auteur permet au créateur de vendre ce qu'il a créé, lui
garantit un retour sur investissement…C'est aussi vrai dans
le domaine de l'industrie, de la création, de l'innovation
industrielle; un retour sur investissement grâce auquel le
créateur pourra ensuite continuer à créer d'autres œuvres et
de nouveaux contenus. Ce modèle économique qui soustend le droit d'auteur existe depuis plusieurs centaines
d'années, …. Chaque fois, les nouvelles technologies ont
permis de passer à de nouveaux modèles économiques qui
ont entraîné un changement dans l'exploitation et la
commercialisation du droit d'auteur.
11 May at the European Parliament, Michel Barnier, Commissioner
for the Internal Market – European Commission
“We should not see the observance and
enforcement of IP rights as merely protecting the
interests of the developed world, but rather as a
powerful tool to galvanize our domestic industry
while retaining national culture, national
inventiveness, and national creativity”.
Betty Mould-Iddrisu, Chief State
Attorney,
International
Law
Division, Ministry of Justice,
Ghana
Moladee (Senegal, 2004)
COPYRIGHT IS MORE THAN
A MERE RIGHT TO GET PAID
EU Digital Agenda – © points
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“framework Directive on
collective rights
management“
Orphan Works Directive
Green paper “opportunities
and challenges of online
distribution of AV works
and other creative content”.
Review 2004 Enforcement
Directive
Looking at EU Copyright Law from on high
•Unprecedented number of cases currently pending
before ECJ which concern copyright/content protection
•References for preliminary rulings from national courts
•Potential for ECJ to have a profound impact on EU ©…
•Copyright Directive
•Conditional Access
Directive
•Cable & Satellite Directive
•Software Directive
•Enforcement Directive
•E-Commerce Directive
•ePrivacy Directive
•Data Protection Directive
•TFEU - Free Movement of
Goods/Services
•TFEU - Competition Law
•European Convention on
Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms
ECJ decisions are binding on all Member States
Cases C-403/08 and 429/08: Premier League
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Condacc, Copyright, CabSat Directives
Free movement principles
Competition law
Territorial exclusive rights under © acquis
Freedom to license.
Financing /Production/Distribution/
Impact of differing Nat’l Regulations
Concept of an illicit device (services include © works)
© Issues
• Scope of reproduction right/exception for temp copies
• Communication to the pub (Spanish Hotels case)
• CABSAT DIR NOT RELEVANT
• Competition law - Coditel cases are good law
• Market has not changed to extent it’s time to overrule it
• Specific subject matter and essential function of ©
• Ex Article 81 does not apply/ECJ set economic points
Thuiskopie (C-462/09), SGAE (C-467/08) & EGEDA (C-387/09)
•Copyright Directive 2001/29/EC
• Article 5.2b: Private Copy Exception
• Article 5.5: 3 Step Test
•Main issues
• “Fair Compensation”
• EU concept – uniform interpretation
• Who is liable to pay? Scope?
• Relation to national equitable remuneration schemes
• Leeway for Member States? Can they discriminate? How
to balance interests?
• Role of collecting societies
• Distance selling of equipment or blank media
• Taking into account use, harm, direct payments
• Professionals purchase equipment for non-private uses
• SGAE AG opinion: a levy on private copies only where it
may be presumed devices are used for private copying
Case C-393/08: BSA v. Czech Ministry of Culture
•Software, Copyright and Cabsat Directives
•Does © protection extend to graphic interface: “look and feel”?
•Com to Pub/Making available/retransmission of video games?
Cases C-431 & 432/08: Airfield/Canaal Digitaal v. Sabam/Agicoa
• Cable & Satellite Directive 93/83
• Guidance on "communication to the public by satellite”
•Satellite platforms --channel bundling/uplink/downlink
•Separate act of communication to the public?
•Article 11bis Berne Convention
Case C-136/09 Greek Hotel Case
•© Directive 2001/29 - Beyond Spanish Hotels (C-306/05)
• TV sets in hotel rooms connected to central antenna
ECJ C-236/08 – 23 Mar 2010
TMs/Keyword ads/displays and links
ECJ punted issue of whether the Art 14
liability privilege applies back to nat’l courts
• Whether Google is “neutral, in the sense that its conduct is
merely technical, automatic and passive, pointing to a lack of
knowledge or control of the data which it stores.”
• Remuneration by itself not enough
• Fact that there is “concordance between the keyword selected
and the search term entered by an internet user is not sufficient
of itself ”, but
• “the role played by Google in the drafting of the commercial
message which accompanies the advertising link or in the
establishment or selection of keywords is relevant.”
Sabam v. Scarlet
Article 8.3 before the ECJ
• Copyright, E-Commerce, Enforcement, Data Protection,
and ePrivacy Directive as well as the ECHRFF
• Brussels Ct of Appeal: Promusicae - insufficient guidance
• (Sabam a worse case?)
• Impact on other Art 8.3 cases and draft legislation?
• Trick questions (against RHs)? Back to Member States?
1. Can nat’l judges issue injunctions ordering ISPs to filter?
• relationship to Art 15 E-Com Dir – no general monitoring
2. If yes, do they have to apply principle of proportionality
•Promusicae? -- Principle is well-established
•National courts have to strike a fair balance between
fundamental rights (privacy v. copyright).
•Yes!?
•Or an invitation to the ECJ to erect more hurdles?
•subsidiarity (action 1st agst direct infringers), ISP
liability, costs for ISPs, effectiveness of technology,
others....
Meanwhile at WIPO…
• CDIP
•Dev. Agenda
•SCCR
•VIP
•E&L
•AVP
•B’casters
•TK/Folklore
©
© Sector in the Developing World
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Shortage of local investors and chronic undercapitalisation of
the production and distribution sectors.
Inadequate support services, including technical training and
facilities, crews for film and music production, etc.
Weak marketing and distribution infrastructure.
Endemic illegal copying and illegal distribution of content.
Deficiencies in existing systems for the collection of royalties
for producers, publishers, authors and artists.
Deficiencies in local IPR enforcement, which are often due to
economic reasons or allocation of limited resources.
Chronic lack of funding creates a vicious circle: Poorly funded
and marketed works earn low returns. The distribution
infrastructure remains inefficient and in many cases insecure,
which multiplies opportunities for a black market to develop.
All of these factors in turn make lenders and investors more
reluctant to provide the funds to support publishing, production
and distribution of new creative content.
Liz Wilson
Candice Orwell
Sofia Coppola
Keira Knightley
Bronagh Gallagher
John Fensom
Greg Proops
Scott Capurro
Margaret Towner
Dhruv Chanchani
Oliver Walpole
Katie Lucas
Megan Udall
Hassani Shapi
Gin Clarke
Khan Bonfils
Michelle Taylor
Michaela Cottrell
Dipika O'Neill Joti
Phil Eason
Mark Coulier
Lindsay Duncan
Peter Serafinowicz
James Taylor
Chris Sanders
Toby Longworth
Marc Silk
Amanda Lucas
Produced by
George Lucas ....
Rick McCallum ....
Original Music by
John Williams
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executive producer
producer
Eirtaé (as Friday 'Liz' Wilson)
Yané
....
Saché
Sabé
Radiant VII captain
TC-14
Beed (voice)
....
Fode (voice)
Jira
Kitster
Seek
Amee (as Jenna Green)
Melee
....
Eeth Koth
Adi Gallia (as Gin)
Saesee Tiin
Yarael Poof
Even Piell
Depa Billaba
Yaddle
Aks Moe
TC-14 (voice)
Darth Maul (voice)
Rune Haako (voice)
....
Daultay Dofine (voice)
Sen. Lott Dodd/Gragra (voice)
Aks Moe (voice)
Tey How/Diva Funquita (voice) (as Tyger)