Concept Map
Section 33-1
Concept Map
Chordates
have the following
key features
Notochord
which is
A flexible
supporting
structure
Dorsal hollow
nerve cord
Muscular
tail
Pharyngeal
pouches
Section 33-1
Nonvertebrate chordates
Jawless fishes
Cartilaginous fishes
Bony fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Figure 33–2 A Cladogram of
Chordates
Body Temperature (°C)
Environmental Temperature (°C)
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Function
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
Fishes
Amphibians
(adult)
Reptiles
Birds
Respiration
Gills and
diffusion
Gills/air sacs
Simple lungs
and skin
Lungs
Lungs (tubes Lungs
and air sacs; (alveoli)
one-way flow)
Circulation
No true
chambers
Single loop; 2 Double loop;
chambers
3 chambers
Double loop;
3 chambers
Double loop;
4 chambers
Double loop;
4 chambers
Excretion
Gills and
gill slits
Kidney and
gills
Kidney
Kidney
Kidney
Response
Simple; mass Cephalization; Cephalization; Cephalization; Cephalization; Cephalization;
of nerve cells small
small
small
large
large
cerebrum
cerebrum
cerebrum
cerebrum
cerebrum
Kidney and
gills
Mammals
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Fishes
Amphibians
Amphibians
(adult)
(adult)
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Muscles on
either side of
backbone
Limbs stick
out sideways;
muscles and
ligaments
Limbs point
directly
toward
ground;
muscles and
ligaments
Upper limbs
are wings; 2
feet; muscles
and ligaments
2 or 4 legs;
walk with legs
straight under
them;
muscles and
ligaments
Reproduction External
fertilization
External
fertilization
External
fertilization
Internal
fertilization;
shelled egg
Internal
fertilization;
shelled egg
Internal
fertilization
and
development
Temperature Ectothermic
Control
Ectothermic
Ectothermic
Ectothermic
Endothermic
Endothermic
Function
Movement
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
Muscles,
no bones
Form and Function in Vertebrates
Fish
Habitat
Type of circulatory
pathway
Number of heart
chambers
Structures for gas
exchange
Excretory
structures
Nitrogenous waste
extreted
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
water
Juveniles - water
Adults - land
and water
Land
Land (air)
Land, water
single-loop
double-loop
double-loop
double-loop
double-loop
2
3
3 or 4
4
4
lungs
lungs
lungs
kidneys
kidneys
kidneys
uric acid
uric acid
urea
gills, swim bladder
gills
ammonia
gills (juvenile),
skin, lungs,
lining of
mouth (adult)
gills (juvenile),
kidneys
(adult)
ammonia
(juvenile),
urea (adult)
Questions
1. What relationship exists between the type
of circulatory pathway and the number of
heart chambers?
Organisms with a 2-chambered heart have a
single-loop and organisms with 3 or 4 –
chambered hearts have a double-loop
2. What is the relationship between the
habitat of an organism and the structures
used for gas exchange?
Aquatic organisms use gills and terrestrial
organisms use lungs.
3. How does each type of nitrogenous waste
excreted relate to the type of excretory
structure in each group.
Ammonia is excreted by organisms that use
gills; uric acid and urea is excreted by
organisms that use kidneys
Reproduction
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
water
Juveniles - water
Adults - land
and water
Land
Land (air)
Land, water
Type of fertilization
external
external
internal
internal
internal
Type of
development
external
external
internal and
external
external
internal
many
many
few
few
few
Habitat
Number of eggs
produced
Questions
4. What relationship exists between an
organism’s habitat and its method of
fertilization?
In water, fertilization is external. On land,
fertilization is internal.
5. How does the number of eggs produced
relate to the method of fertilization?
External fertilization requires many eggs,
while internal fertilization produces fewer
eggs.
6. The type of fertilization and the number of
eggs produced often indicate the amount
of parental care of the offspring. Use the
table to predict the amount of parental
care given by each vertebrate group.
Fish and amphibians – little to no parental
care. Reptiles – some parental care. Birds
and mammals – much parental care.
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Cloaca
Crop
Gizzard
Cecum
Rectum
Shark
Salamander
Lizard
Pigeon
Cow
Nostrils, mouth, and throat
Trachea
Lung
Air sac
Salamander
Lizard
Primate
Pigeon
Single-Loop
Circulatory System
FISHES
Double-Loop Circulatory System
MOST REPTILES
Section 31-1
Liver
Kidney
Heart
Cloaca
Bladder
Lung
Digestive
tract
To
body
To
lungs
Right
atrium
From
lungs
Left
atrium
From
body
Ventricle
Incomplete
division
Domestic pigeon
Right
atrium
Heart
Right
ventricle
Left
atrium
Left
ventricle
Complete
division
Section 32-1
Left
atrium
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
Left
ventricle
Complete
division