Geography GCSE Revision
Edexcel
Specification A
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Getting Organised!
E.G.
Mon
Tues
Wed
Thu
16/04
23/04
30/04
07/05
14/05
21/05
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Fri
Sat
Sun
The Economic World
Economic Systems
Sectors of Industry
Farming
Characteristics of Farming
Employment structure as an
How farming is changing
indicator of differences
between countries
How patterns change over time EU - CAP
Case Studies
Rice farming in the
Philippines
EU changes in UK
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Secondary Industries
Factors affecting location of
secondary activities
ICT in Bracknell
Informal/Formal industry
Bracknell
Fiat in Brazil
Economic World PRIMARY ACTIVITY
Factors Affecting Farming
Social & Economic Factors
•Labour
•Capital (money
•Technology
•Markets
•Government
Economic Activities:
1. Commercial and Subsistence Farming Systems
2. How Farming is Changing
Farming as a System
Inputs
•Sunlight
•Rainfall / water
supply
•Land / soil
•Labour
(workforce)
•Capital (money)
•Seeds / fertiliser
/ pesticides
•animals
Processes
•Cultivation of crops
e.g. ploughing,
irrigation
•Rearing of animals
Outputs
•
Crops
•
Animals
•
Animal
products
e.g. milk /
meat
•
Outputs:
a) To sell
b) Farmer’s own
use
Feedback
Do you know your case studies?
Intensive Wet Rice Farming Philippines
EU Changes in the UK (CAP)
Environmental Factors
•Climate
•Relief
•Soil
Types of Agriculture
1. Enterprise:
•Arable
•Pastoral
•Mixed
2. Intensity of Production:
•Intensive
•Extensive
3. Subsistence/Commercial
CAP – Make sure you know what is this and what
changes it brought:
Diversification
Set-aside
Quotas
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
List
examples
of other
primary
activities.
Classification of Farming

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.

1.
2.
Specialisation
Arable –
Pastoral –
Mixed –
Economic Status:
Commercial farming Subsistence farming –
Intensity of Land Use:
Extensive
Intensive
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Types of Farming –
Global General Knowledge
Type of Farming
Example
Nomadic Hunting
Aborigines, Australia
Nomadic herding
Maasai in Kenya
Shifting cultivation
Amerindians in Amazonia
Intensive subsistence agriculture
Rice farming in the Ganges Delta
Plantation agriculture
Sugar cane in Brazil
Livestock ranching (commercial pastoral)
Beef on the Pampas
Cereal cultivation
Canadian Prairies
Mixed farming
Netherlands
Mediterranean agriculture
Southern Italy
Irrigation
Nile Valley, California
Unsuitable
Sahara Desert
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Factors Affecting Farming
Relief
Soils
Physical Factors
Temperature
Rainfall
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Factors Affecting Farming
Government aid
Fertiliser
Marketing
Human Factors
Competition
for land
Size of farm
Mechanisation
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Common Agricultural Policy


1.
2.
3.
Created in 1962
Aims:
To protect farmers’ incomes
To ensure reasonable and steady prices
for consumers
To increase production to provide
sufficient food supplies
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
CAP achieved by …
1.
2.
Grants and subsidies – money for
farmers who farm in difficult areas
Price support – a guaranteed minimum
price for agricultural produce (may cause
surpluses
Very expensive – sustainable?
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Case Study: How is Farming
Changing?


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Home Farm, West Midlands
Set aside:
EU funded scheme to reduce surpluses
Farmers are paid not to grow anything for 5
years (left fallow)
Payment = up to £300 per year!
Diversification to Caravans and B&B
Renting land out for Grazing
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Case Study: How is Farming
Changing?

1.
2.
a)
b)
Diversification:
This is when farmers develop business
initiatives other than farming
Examples:
Barns converted in to holiday cottages,
garden centres and farm shops
Tea shops
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Case Study: How is Farming
Changing?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Agribusinesses:
Large-scale, highly efficient farms
Organised on scientific and business principles
Includes a chain of suppliers and retailers
Belongs to a group of other farms
Able to reduce cost of inputs – economies of
scale
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Quick Quiz
1. Make a list of all the factors that affect farming – you mind find it
easier to split them into physical and human factors.
2. What are:
a)
Arable farms
b)
Pastoral farms
c)
Mixed farms?
3. Explain what is meant by the following:
a)
Intensive farms
b)
Extensive farms
c)
Subsistence farms
d)
Commercial farms
4. What does CAP stand for?
5. What is diversification?
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
The Economic World – SECONDARY ACTIVITIES
What other types of
economic activity
are there?
Economic Activities:
1. The location of manufacturing industries
2. The location of distribution industries
Industry as a System
Inputs
•Raw materials
•Land
•Labour
•Power
•Transport
•Capital (money)
Outputs
•
Finished
product for
the consumer
or to other
industries
•
Waste
products
Processes
Making the goods
•Process
•Packaging
•Distribution
Profit Reinvested
Profit or Loss
Employment Structure – label and explain. The first ‘chunk’ is
primary, the second secondary and the last tertiary.
Uganda
Case Studies:
Heavy industry
e.g. iron & steel Industry
Footloose Industry
e.g. Hi-tech industry
Distribution Industry e.g.
Argos, Stafford
Can you interpret a
Triangular Graph?
UK
©C Dunne 2005
Location of Industry
Where?
Why?
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Location Factors
Large, flat site
Market
Raw materials
What is needed?
Labour
Energy
Transport (links)
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
High-Tech Industries
Bracknell Computer Development






Why have they located here? (Where is it exactly?)
The following may give you a few clues but make sure
you have re-read the case study.
These may be described as ‘footloose’ because they are
not really restricted by the location factors of raw
materials e.g. pc factories
Tend to opt for locations near major route ways e.g. M4
/ M11 corridors
Also locate near university sites – research facilities
Would prefer sites that area aesthetically pleasing for
their workers
YOU NEED TO KNOW THIS CASE STUDY!
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Formal and Informal sectors



What are the differences?
What characterises an informal sector job?
What is the advantage of a formal sector
job?
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Some industries are classed as
Heavy Industry e.g. Iron and steel


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
South Wales – e.g. Ebbw Vale, Merthyr Tydfil
Natural Advantages:
Coalfields
Limestone
Iron ore
Flat site (of Valley)
River (Rhonnda) – cooling finished product
Local settlements – work force
Port (gateway to the British Empire – market)
These areas are where industry used to be but then it moved for
several reasons.
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
How did location factors
change?





Empire countries gained independence – more
competition; market not as strong
Coal and iron ore reserves were becoming exhausted
(running out!); seams were too thin to mine or
inaccessible (making it more expensive to mine)
Original valley site not big enough for modern factories
Coastal areas were better as they were the areas where
relatively cheap imported materials were coming in
There were better places in the world to make things
that were cheaper – Place like Britain got rid of lots of
their industries to countries like Brazil.
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Brazil - Fiat



What is a Trans National Company (TNC)
Why did Fiat move from Italy to Brazil?
Why did Fiat expand in Brazil?
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Bonus Knowledge
The Decline of Manufacturing

De-industrialisation – the growing
importance of tertiary (Service and
Tourism) and quaternary (High tech
Research and Development e.g. NASA)
industries
Port Talbot steelworks is the only one remaining in Wales; Llanwern
steelworks closed in 2001 (1300 jobs lost)
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
The Reason for the Decline

1.
2.
3.
Globalisation:
many companies compete on a global
scale
competition is strong
constantly looking for cheaper raw
materials and/or manufactured goods
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
The Consequences









Coal mine / steel works close
High unemployment
People have less money to spend on goods and services
Fewer taxes and business rates paid to the council
Less investment by council for education, schools and
other key services
Young people leave school with fewer/poorer
qualifications
People have more time, less opportunities, less money
Petty crime often increases
Environmental decline
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Political Responses


1.
2.
3.
Development areas – government gives
financial assistance (in what forms?)
Encouragement of new industries in the area
of decline:
Retail parks – using the old steelworks site (a
bit like Bluewater – old gravel pit)
Tourism – heritage site / museum
Manufacturing (hi-tech) – LG now located
there (but this brings with it other problems.
Can you think of any?)
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Distribution Industries





E.g. Argos Warehouse, Staffordshire
Central location
Can reach any of their stores by over-night
delivery
Located on the junction 34/A51 on the M6
Lots of space to house the huge
warehouse
CDunne/TYork (c)2008
Quick Quiz







Name the 4 types of industry
How does this classification help when talking about the
employment structure and development of a country?
Briefly define/explain the term system
List the important factors when considering the location
of industry
What is heavy industry?
Which case study? Where? Why? What happened?
What is a footloose industry?
CDunne/TYork (c)2008