Sustainable Sanitation
Marco Bruni, seecon international gmbh
Sustainable Sanitation
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Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the opensource concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source
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Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or
supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox
will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide
ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation
and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and
the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with
respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.
Sustainable Sanitation
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Problems with current Approaches to Sanitation
3. What is Sustainable Sanitation?
4. Conclusion
5. SSWM and Sustainable Sanitation
6. References
Sustainable Sanitation
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1. Introduction
Approaches to Sanitation
• What exactly is wastewater?
• What should the organisation of a
sanitary system look like?
• How can we better manage
wastewater?
• How can we keep it simple,
but yet effective and efficient?
• etc.
Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/2yIT8xt_stM/TwtB4J9sBqI/AAAAAAAACmY/s_69HHksUA/s1600/Istanbul%20Toilet.gif [Accessed: 30.01.2012]
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2. Problems with Current Approaches to Sanitation
Conventional Forms of Wastewater Management and Sanitation
• Dry (pit) systems (onsite)
- Retention of solids
• Waterborne systems
(centralised)
- Infiltration of liquids
Source: http://i.bnet.com/blogs/toilet.png
[Accessed: 30.01.2012]
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2. Problems with current Approaches to Sanitation
Dry (pit) Systems – The Drawbacks
Liquids infiltrate the soil and enter the water cycle
Incomplete barrier between human beings and excreta
Nutrients infiltrate the soil
and enter aquatic systems
Eutrophication
Pathogens infiltrate and
enter aquatic system
Waterborne diseases
Source: CONRADIN (2007)
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2. Problems with current Approaches to Sanitation
Waterborne Systems – The Drawbacks
Water
demand
Technical
knowledge
Energyintensity
(CORCORAN et al. 2010)
Operating
costs
Social
acceptance
Investment
costs
WINBLAD and SIMPSON-HERBERT (2004)
Maintenance
Vulnerability
Mixing of different
wastewater streams
• End-of-pipe system
- 90% of global wastewater does not receive any treatment at all.
(CORCORAN
Sustainable Sanitation
et al. 2010)
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3. What is Sustainable Sanitation?
Conventional Systems versus Sustainable Sanitation
Sustainable Sanitation
• Social
• Environmental
• Economical
• and technical aspects
Conventional systems
•Technical aspects
Integrative, holistic approach
}
• Socially acceptable
• Economically viable
Sustainable Sanitation
Sustainable Sanitation
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3. What is Sustainable Sanitation?
Basic Principle
Wastewater should NOT be considered as a waste but as a valuable
resource.
Nutrients
Water
Energy
Source: CONRADIN (2010)
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3. What is Sustainable Sanitation?
Objectives of Sustainable Sanitation
• Health and hygiene
 Effective barrier between user and environment
 Prevention of exposure to excreta at all levels of the sanitation
process
• Environment and natural resources
 Protection of natural resources
 Recycling, low energy consumption, low emissions
• Technology and operation
 Adaptation to local circumstances
 Robustness against floods, power cuts, water shortages, etc.
• Financial & economic issues: Consideration of total (lifecycle) costs
• Socio-cultural & institutional aspects: Acceptance by the
community
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4. Conclusion
Sustainable Sanitation is a simple Approach
• The essential principles
• Wastewater and excreta should not be considered as a waste,
but as valuable resources.
• Sanitation systems should be organised in a socially acceptable
and economically viable manner.
• There is no “one-fits-all” approach, much rather, the most
adequate solution has to be found from case to case, considering
climate and water availability, agricultural practices, socio-cultural
preferences, affordability, safety, and technical prerequisites, etc.
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5. SSWM and Sustainable Sanitation
Integrated, holistic Approach
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6. References
CONRADIN, K. (2007): Ecological Sanitation in the Khuvsgul Area, Northern Mongolia: Socio-Cultural Parameters and
Acceptance. Unpublished Master Thesis. Basel: University of Basel.
http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/oe44/ecosan/nl/en-ecosan-in-mongolia-mscthesis-2007.pdf [Accessed: 26.01.2012].
CORCORAN, E. (Editor); NELLEMANN, C. (Editor); BAKER, E. (Editor); BOS, R. (Editor); OSBORN, D. (Editor); SAVELLI, H.
(Editor) (2010): Sick Water? The central role of wastewater management in sustainable development. A Rapid Response
Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal.
http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/sickwater/SickWater_screen.pdf [Accessed: 26.01.2012].
WINDBLAD, U.; SIMPSON-HERBERT, M. (2004): Ecological Sanitation - revised and enlarged edition. (pdf presentation).
Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute. http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Ecological_Sanitation_2004.pdf
[Accessed: 26.01.2012].
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“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation,
Water Management & Agriculture”
SSWM is an
initiative
supported by:
Created
by:
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