Personal Protective Equipment
PPE
SUBPART
E
PPE
Training Objectives
 After
completing this unit, you will be
able to:
– Recognize hazards and understand controls,
including Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
– Understand PPE & the standards it must meet.
– Identify requirements for a respirator program and
its components.
– Define air-purifying & supplied-air respirators.
– Perform negative & positive respirator fit checks.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
References
 29
CFR 1926.95-107; Subpart E, PPE
 American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) (Various)
 National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH); Respirator
Approval.
 Mine Safety and Heath Administration
(MSHA); Respirator Approval.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
The Hazards of Construction
 The
tools, materials, and processes of
construction create hazards.
 Those can affect your safety or health.
 Hazards can hurt you if they are not
eliminated or controlled.
 Your employer must eliminate or control
the hazards you are exposed to!
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SUBPART
E
PPE
4
Construction Hazards
 Safety-Related
– Electrocution
– Falls
– Falling objects
– Flying objects
– Lifting
– Hot objects
– Crushing
 Health-Related
– Noise
– Chemical Vapors
– Gases
– Lack of oxygen
– Asbestos dust
– Vibration
SUBPART
E
PPE
How Hazardous is Construction?
 There
are more lost-time injuries in
construction than in any other industry.
 Each year, one in seven workers will
miss work because of an injury (most
will not be wearing safety gear).
 Nearly one in five construction deaths
are because of exposure to harmful
chemicals.
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H ierarch y of C on trols
 E lim in atio n /S u b stitu tio n - u se a less
h arm fu l su b stan ce in p ro cess
 E n g in eerin g C o n trols - C lo sed system s,
v en tilatio n
 A d m in istrativ e C o n tro ls - W o rk er rotatio n ,
trainin g & ed u cation
 P erso n al P rotectiv e E q u ip m en t - U se
seco n d ary to co n trols alread y in p lace
SUBPART
E
PPE
Why is PPE Often the Choice?
Construction work is
full of hazards.
 Safer methods or
products don’t exist.
 Engineering or
administrative
controls may not be
practical.
 PPE is the last line of
defense, but
common in
construction.

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SUBPART
E
PPE
8
Types of Personal Protective
Equipment
 Most
Common
– Head Protection
– Foot and Leg
– Hearing
– Eye and Face
– Respiratory
– Torso Protection
 Other
Types
– Reflective
clothes
– Life vests
– Safety nets
– Lifelines
– Safety
harnesses
– Lanyards
SUBPART
E
PPE
Who Approves PPE?
 OSHA does
not approve PPE.
 OSHA-acceptable PPE will be approved
by one of the following agencies:
– NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational
Safety & Health).
– ANSI (American National Standards
Institute).
– MSHA (Mine Safety & Health
Administration).
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SUBPART
E
PPE
Protecting Your Head
 Each
year construction workers have
thousands of head injuries.
 Hard hats are required in areas where
injury from impact, falling objects, or
from flying objects is possible.
 Hard hats must meet ANSI Z89.1(1969).
 Hard hats should be inspected often.
 Don’t paint, cover with stickers or
wear backwards.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
Use PPE As Intended
What does the manufacturer say?
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SUBPART
E
PPE
Types of Hard Hats
 Class A:
General service
– Most construction workers wear this type.
 Class
B: Electrical service
– These protect from high voltage.
 Class
C: Bump Caps, usually aluminum
– These are not acceptable for construction.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
13
How do Hard Hats Work?

Very well, if worn correctly!

The suspension absorbs
shocks and keeps the shell
away from your skull.

Make sure you have at
least one inch clearance
between the suspension
and the outer shell.
Meets ANSI Z89.1-1997;
tested to withstand a 16 ounce
hammer dropped 40 feet.
SUBPART
E
PPE
Noisy Facts
 Noise
increases your blood pressure
and wears you out.
 You are naturally going to lose some
hearing with age.
 Work-related hearing loss plus natural
loss will make it hard for you to enjoy
retirement.
 Hearing loss is sneaky because you
can be hurting yourself without pain.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
Protecting Your Hearing
Use plugs or muffs.
 Follow the manufacturer’s
instructions.
 They must fit properly and
be maintained.
 Remember, they only work
if used.
 Do not use cotton or other
home-made protection.

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SUBPART
E
PPE
19
When Do You Need Protection?
 OSHA requires
protection whenever noise
is 90dBA or above for an 8-hour day.
 Louder noises for shorter periods and
impact noise also require protection.
 Remember the 3 foot rule:
– If you have to raise your voice to talk to
someone 3 feet away, you need hearing
protection!
 See
Table D-2 at 1926.52
SUBPART
E
PPE
Protecting Your Eyes and Face
 Each
day 1,000 workers injure their eyes.
 Protection is required when machines or
tasks present potential eye or face
injury.
 Hazards can be physical, chemical, or
radiation-related.
 Protection must meet ANSI Z87.1
– Sunglasses with plastic lens don’t meet the
requirements unless Z87.1.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
Types of Eye & Face Protection

Safety Glasses– Protect eyes from front and side hazards as well
as flying particles.

Regular Vented Goggles– Protect your eyes from dust, sparks,
and flying particles.

Hood Vented Goggles– Protect your eyes from
chemicals & dust.

Full Face Shield– Protects face from splashes,
and flying particles.
– Must be used with safety glasses
or goggles.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
Protecting Your Lungs
A
respirator is a device which maintains
a supply of breathable air.
 There are two types of respirators.
– Air-Purifying: filters the air.
– Supplied-Air: gives you clean air from
another source.
 Either
must be NIOSH- or MSHAapproved.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
Air-Purifying Respirators
 Use
filters which either
absorb the chemical or
filter out the particulate.
– Reusable Type
• has a filter, cartridge, or
canister
• filter, cartridge, or canisters
are labeled with the type of
contaminant they protect you
from.
– Disposable Respirator
• single or multiple use, usually
for dust only.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
Supplied-Air Respirators
 The
breathing air comes
through a hose from a
compressor, or from a tank.
 Connections must be tight
and the hose must be
protected from damage.
 Breathing is easier & inward
leakage is less than when
using the air-purifying type.
 Must be used in high
concentrations or where O2
level is reduced.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
An Effective Respirator
 To
protect you, a respirator must:
– Be the correct one for the hazard to
which you are exposed.
• The “workplace protection factor” must be
high enough for the concentration
encountered.
• Example: Half-mask protection factor = 10
Provides protection up to 10X the PEL
– Fit you properly. (Fit testing)
– Be inspected and maintained, and
– Be used according to the manufacturer.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
Facemask Types
 There
are several styles of facemasks.
– Half-mask
• Covers the nose and mouth.
– Full Face-mask
• Covers nose, mouth, and eyes.
– Air-Fed Helmet
• Covers the entire head.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
The Employer’s Responsibility
 OSHA requires
your employer to have
a respiratory protection program.
 Your employer must:
– Provide a medical evaluation to ensure you are
okay to use a respirator.
– Choose the proper respirator for the hazard.
– Train you in the proper use, limitations, and care
of the respirator.
– Fit test you to find a model that fits your face &
has a good face seal.
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Respirator Program (cont’d)
Where Respirator Use is Not Required
Employer may provide respirators at employee’s request or
permit employees to use their own respirators, if employer
determines that such use in itself will not create a hazard
 If voluntary use is permissible, employer must provide users
with the information contained in Appendix D
 Must establish and implement those elements of a written
program necessary to ensure that employee is medically able
to use the respirator and that it is cleaned, stored, and
maintained so it does not present a health hazard to the user

Exception: Employers are not required to include in a written
program employees whose only use of respirators involves
voluntary use of filtering facepieces (dust masks).
SUBPART
E
PPE
Fit is Important
 Your
respirator must seal tightly
against your face.
 Things which can prevent a good
seal:
– beards and sideburns
– eyeglasses
– the shape of your face; remember;
respirators do come in different sizes.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
Fit-Check Your Respirator
 Perform
both types of fit checks every
time you put your respirator on.
 There are two ways to make sure your
respirator fits properly.
– Positive fit check
• Exhale to check for leaks.
– Negative fit check
• Inhale to check for leaks.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
31
Positive Pressure Check
Place palm over
exhalation valve.
 Gently exhale.
 If face piece
balloons out
slightly & you can’t
feel leakage, you
have a good seal.

SUBPART
E
PPE
32
Negative Pressure Check
 Block
ends of
cartridges with
hands.
 Gently inhale.
 If face piece pulls in
and you don’t feel a
leak, then you have
a good seal.
SUBPART
E
PPE
Respirator Care
 Follow
the manufacturer’s directions.
 Inspect it before each use.
 Repair or discard it if necessary.
 Clean it after each use.
 Store it in a clean plastic bag.
 Replace cartridges/filters if it’s hard to
breathe or you can taste/smell the
chemical.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
Protecting Your Feet and Legs
 Every
year nearly 200,000 workers
injure their feet.
 OSHA requires you to wear foot
protection where there is a possibility
of material falling, crushing or rolling
over.
 Safety shoes must meet the
requirements of ANSI Z41.1
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SUBPART
E
PPE
35
Choosing Foot Protection
Wear sturdy shoes with
thick soles, steel toes
& steel shanks.
Look for the ANSI label
on the tongue.
SUBPART
E
PPE
Protecting Your Hands & Body
 OSHA has
no specific
requirements for PPE for
hands & body.
 Hand/body injury hazards
must still be evaluated.
 Handling caustics, acids,
solvents, adhesives, rough
and hot materials without
protection is unsafe.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
Working Over or Near Water
 Workers
near or over water must wear
a U.S. Coast Guard-approved life
jacket or buoyant work vest.
 Life jackets must be inspected before
each shift and not used if defective.
 Ring buoys must be installed with at
least 90 feet of line & no more than 200
feet apart.
 A skiff must be available.
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SUBPART
E
PPE
38
Case Study: What went wrong?
A contract employee was
assigned to sandblast the
inside of a reactor vessel
during turnaround activities
at a petrochemical refinery.
Instead of relying on the
contract company's own air
compressors in accordance
with the contractor's policy,
the contract foreman
connected the employee's
supplied air respirator to a
hose containing what he
thought was plant air. It was
nitrogen. The employee
died.
SUBPART
E
PPE
Is This Adequate Protection?
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SUBPART
E
PPE
40
Subpart E - Personal Protective
and Life Saving Equipment
(1926.95 - 107)
Head protection required
100(a)
994
Sta nda rd - 1926.
Eye and face protection
102(a)(1)
301
PPE - Provided, used and maintained
95(a)
195
Safety nets for falls over 25 feet
105(a)
122
Life jackets/vests
106(a)
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Always Inspect Before Use!!!
The End