Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training
Unit 5.1
MISSION SPECIFIC:
Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
Objectives
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Describe the types of personal protective equipment and EPA levels of protection
Identify the different designs of vapor-protective and splash-protective clothing
Identify the advantages and disadvantages of different types of heat exchange units
Identify at least three indications of material degradation of chemical-protective clothing
Identify at least three indications of material degradation of chemical-protective clothing
Identify the physiological and psychological stresses of using personal protective equipment
Given a scenario involving hazardous materials/WMD incidents and the emergency response
plan and/or standard operating procedures, demonstrate the technical decontamination duties
assigned in the incident action plan
Identify the safety procedures and emergency procedures for personnel wearing personal
protective equipment
Demonstrate local procedures for going through the technical decontamination process
Describe the maintenance, testing, inspection, storage, and documentation procedures for
personal protective equipment provided by the AHJ according to the manufacturer’s
specifications and recommendations
Given a scenario involving a hazardous materials/WMD incident, identify and complete the
reporting and documentation requirements consistent with the emergency response plan and/or
standard operating procedures regarding personal protective equipment
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  2
PPE Use
 Use
of PPE in the hazardous
materials/WMD setting must be
directed by organizational policies and
procedures or, directed by the
technical over-sight of trained
hazardous materials technicians
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  3
Hazard Based Response
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The process of developing personal
protective measures designed to
specifically address the hazards that are
present at the scene in order to achieve
an acceptable level of risk
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  4
Acceptable Risks
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Risk vs. Gain
 We will risk more to achieve more
 We will risk little to achieve little
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Perception Based on
 Knowledge, training and job experience
 Knowledgeable Safety Officer
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  5
Mechanisms of Harm
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Thermal
Etiological
Asphyxiation
Mechanical/Electrical
Chemical
Psychological
Radiological
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  6
Thermal
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Proper PPE
Suppression of flammable vapors with foam
Elimination of ignition sources
Use of protective hose lines
Cooling of exposed containers
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  7
Etiological
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Respiratory protection
Gowns
Gloves
Avoiding sharp objects
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  8
Asphyxiation
 Simple
 What
is happening to oxygen
Displacement
Reaction
 Chemical
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  9
Mechanical
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Stabilizing
Shoring
Preventing trips and falls
Wearing puncture resistant clothing (e.g.,
steel toes, steel shank boot)
Wear protective work gloves, helmets and
eye protection
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  10
Chemical
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Heed the recommendations of the NAERG
with regards to firefighter protective clothing
Protect the route of exposure
Avoid areas of high vapor concentration
Approach from up-wind up high
Stay out of enclosed, confined or low lying
areas
Avoid direct product contact
Always use appropriate protective clothing
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  11
Psychological
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Always know your own capabilities and
limitations
Never try to over extend yourself
Recognize the need for Critical Incident
Stress De-briefing (CISD)
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  12
Radiological
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Time
Distance
 If you double your distance from the source, you
reduce your exposure to 1/4 the original rate
 If you triple your distance, your exposure is
reduced to 1/9 the original
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Shielding
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  13
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120
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Minimum level of protection
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Full turnout gear and PP/SCBA
Level must be maintained until atmosphere
is quantified
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  14
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134
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Standards for respiratory protection
programs
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Training
Selection and use
Fitness
Fit testing
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  15
Ensemble Concept
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Ensembles are considered to be all of
the components of a personal protective
system
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Respiratory protective component
Dermal protective component (garment)
Footwear
Hand protection
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  16
Options
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Respiratory
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IDLH
Below IDLH
Dermal
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Gas and vapor protective, high concentration
Gas and vapor protection low concentration
Liquid with low vapor pressure
Particulates
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  17
NFPA 1991
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Standard 1991 — Vapor Protective
Garment
 Protection from high levels of vapor
concentration
 With or without a flash fire protection option
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  18
NFPA 1992
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Splash Protective Garments
 Liquid splash protection
 Optional flash fire resistance
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  19
NFPA 1994
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CBRN terrorism response
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Class 2 — Vapor or liquid hazards at or
above IDLH
Class 3 — Liquid splash, vapor non-IDLH
Class 4 — Particulate/biological
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  20
National Institute of Justice
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LERL 1 — IDLH and flash fire
LERL 2 — IDLH no fire
LERL 3 — Non-IDLH respiratory hazard
LERL 4 — Perimeter security operations
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  21
Respiratory Protection
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Particulate filter
 Filters particulates out of the air
 Most common are rated at 95% and 100%
(99.97%) efficient at removing particulates 0.1
micron or greater in size
 Also designated as “P” of oil proof against oil
aerosols and “N” as non-oil proof
 Light weight
 Limited length of use
 Does not provide protection from chemical or
asphyxiation hazards
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  22
Air Purifying Respirators (APR)
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Advantages
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Light weight
Extended work periods
Stress reduction
Matches protection to
actual hazard
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Limitations
 Less protective
 Protection factor 100:1
max
 Not to be used in IDLH
atmosphere
 Not applicable for
firefighting
 Cannot be used in
oxygen deficient
atmospheres
 Chemical specific
 Must have known
chemical and known
concentration
 Develops negative
pressure on inhalation
Unit 5.1  23
PAPR
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Advantages
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 Positive pressure —
higher protection
 Cooling effect
 Much the same as
APR
 Stacked filters
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Disadvantages
 Requires battery
 Cannot be used in
IDLH environments
 Must have at least
19.5% oxygen
Unit 5.1  24
Supplied Air Breathing
Apparatus (SABA)
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Advantages
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 Reduced weight
 Extended operations
periods
 Less physical stress,
greater mobility
 Some are positive
pressure
 Protection factor
10,000:1 if positive
pressure
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Limitations
 Air source has
potential for failure so
emergency egress
must be maintained
 Tether length limited
to 300 feet
 Contamination or
damage to tether
Unit 5.1  25
Positive Pressure, Self-Contained
Breathing Apparatus (PP/SCBA)
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Advantages
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 Readily available
 30 to 60 min. duration
 Freedom of
movement
 Greatest protection
 Protection factor
10,000:1
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Disadvantages
 Duration
 Weight
 Physical stress
Unit 5.1  26
Closed Circuit
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Advantages
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 High level of
protection
 Longer duration up to
4hrs
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Disadvantages
 Air supplied is heated
 Not rated for
firefighting or CBRNE
 Cold temp may
impede scrubber
 May be difficult to
decontaminate
Unit 5.1  27
Low Pressure Alarm
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Firefighting
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Hazmat
 Provides a safety
period to allow
emergency egress
 Decontamination is
generally not required
during firefighting
 Safety factor of 25 –
30% of bottle life
 Travel time to and
from site
 Decontamination time
 Workload expected
 Environmental
 <85 = 0 min.
 85 – 90 = 5min.
 >90 = 10 min.
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  28
Dermal Protection
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Minimum level of protection is full turnout
gear and PP/SCBA
Any higher protection requires specialized
training
Support garment may be worn
 In support roles where an exposure is not
anticipated
 Examples: aprons, eye protection
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  29
Fire Protective Clothing
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Must be defensive operations
Garment includes
 Proximity clothing
 Entry clothing
 Structural firefighting clothing
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  30
Skin Contact Hazards
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Vapors and gases
Vapors from liquids
Solids
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  31
Dermal Protective suites
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Turnout gear has extreme protective
limitations
Two types of protection
 Vapor
 Splash
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These, combined with the different types of
respiratory, give us four levels of protection
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  32
Splash Protective Suits
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Cannot be used:
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In IDLH concentrations
Where there is potential
for gross contamination
with products absorbed
through skin
In potential fire areas
Where large volumes of
vapors are expected
Because it creates heat
stress since moisture
cannot evaporate from
the skin
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Are well suited for:
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Decontamination
operations in well
established systems
Dealing with nonsublimating solids
Perimeter operations
quantified safe
Caring for patients that no
longer pose significant
risk of secondary
contamination
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  33
OSHA PPE
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Level C
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Splash suit + APR
Splash protection
with lower level of
respiratory protection
Must know chemical
and concentration
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Level B
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Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Splash suit +
PP/SCBA
Provides splash
protection with
highest level or
respiratory protection
Unit 5.1  34
Vapor Protection
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Offers the highest
level or protection
and also, the
greatest risk of
physical stress
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Limitations
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Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
No thermal
protection
Limited dexterity and
sight
Limited
communications
Physical stress
Specialized training
and maintenance
Unit 5.1  35
BASIC LEVELS OF PROTECTION
Equipment/Level
Level D
Level C
Level B
Level A
Garment Type
None
X
Bunker Gear
X
Bunker Gear w/CBRN
Option
X
Chemical Splash
X
X
Vapor Protective
X
Respiratory Protection
None
Air Purifying
X
X
Positive Pressure
supply air or SCBA
X
X
Note: Full firefighter protective clothing provides a high level of respiratory
protection but a low level of skin protection; therefore, it is classified as level “D”
but has limited applications in the hazard area.
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  36
Ensemble Description Using Performance-Based Standard(s)
NFPA 1991, worn with NIOSH CBRN SCBA
NFPA 1994 Class 2 worn with NIOSH CBRN SCBA
OSHA/EPA
Level
A
A or B
NFPA 1994 Class 2 worn with NIOSH CBRN APR
C
NFPA 1994 Class 3 worn with NIOSH CBRN SCBA
B
NFPA 1994 Class 3 worn with NIOSH CBRN APR
C
Source: DMS Interagency Board
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  37
PPE and WMD
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Radiological
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Radiological materials are particulates
Respiratory protection prevents inhalation
and ingestion
Particulate protective garments will enhance
the ability to decontaminate
NFPA 1994 Class 4 ensembles with PAPR
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  38
Nerve/Blister Agents
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Nerve agents
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Low volatility liquids
Positive pressure
SCBA is selected in
IDLH environments
In low vapor
concentrations,
NFPA 1994 Class 2
ensembles are
indicated
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Blister agents
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Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Low volatility liquids
Positive pressure
SCBA is selected in
IDLH environments
In low vapor
concentrations,
NFPA 1994 Class 2
ensembles are
indicated
Unit 5.1  39
Biological Agents
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Particulate respiratory protection
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Particulate protective garment found in
NFPA 1994 Class 4
Storage
Testing procedures and frequency
Must be in accordance with manufacture’s
recommendations
Should also cover emergency procedures
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  40
Entry Requirements
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OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120
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Use of a buddy system
Use of RIC
EMS on scene dedicated to responders
Decontamination in place
Proper level of PPE
Proper training
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  41
PPE Maintenance
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Employer must have defined PPE policy
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Define inspection procedures and frequency
 Permeation
 Penetration
 Degradation
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Cleaning, disinfection or disposal procedures
Must be maintained according to manufacture’s
recommendations
Enforced by Employer’s SOPs
Cleaned and disinfected according to
manufacturer’s recommendations
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  42
Testing
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Garment testing is defined by the
manufacturer
Most common means is by inflation testing
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  43
Donning, Doffing and Use
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Agency Standard Operating Procedures
should be used in the donning, doffing and
use of PPE
Florida SERC Model Procedure
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  44
Summary
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Hazards based response
Personal protective equipment
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Minimum level of protection
Respiratory protection
Dermal Protection
Florida Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Training Program
Unit 5.1  45