THE IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE
SUBSECTOR IN PROMOTING FINANCIAL
INCLUSION IN NIGERIA
A PAPER PRESENTED BY B.D UMAR,
DIRECTOR, SPECIAL INSURED INSTITUTIONS
DEPARTMENT ,
NIGERIA DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION
AT THE 2011 FICAN CONFERENE
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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INTRODUCTION
EMERGENCE OF MICROFINANCE BANKS IN NIGERIA
……..REASONS FOR THE EMERGENCE
……….THE OBJECTIVES OF THE MICROFINANCE POLICY
THE IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE SUBSECTOR IN PROMOTING
FINANCILA INCLUSION IN NIGERIA.
PRESENTATION OUTLINE CONTD
• ……AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT UNDER THE BROAD
HEADINGS OF ACCESS TO FUNDING, SOCILA IMPACT, GENDER
EQUALITY AND FINANCIAL LITERACY
• ………OPERATING CHALLENGES OF MFBS IN NIGERIA
• REFORM OF THE MFB SUBSECTOR
• ……..CURRENT EFFORTS TO REPOSITION THE SUBSECTOR
• ………SUGGESTIONS FOR THE WAY FORWARD
• CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
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Financial inclusion or inclusive financing is the delivery of financial services at affordable
costs to sections of disadvantaged and low income segments of society( Wikipedia, 2011).
This definition narrows financial inclusion to the opportunities offered the poor to access
financial services.
There is a growing tendency in the literature to have a wider perspective of financial
inclusion. Thus another source defines financial inclusion as ‘the state of financial system
where every member of society has access to appropriate financial products and services for
effective and efficient management of their resources, get needed resources to finance their
businesses; and financial leverage to take up opportunities that will lead to increase in their
incomes’ (National Microfinance Development Strategy publication, 2011)
According to the United nations, the main goals of financial inclusion are as follows:
…….Access at a reasonable cost of all households and enterprises to the range of financial
services, for which they are ‘bankable’ including savings, short and long term credit, leasing and
factoring, insurance, pensions, payments, local money transfers and international remittances.
……..Sound institutions guided by appropriate internal management, industry performance
standards and performance monitoring by the market as well as by sound prudential regulation
when required.
……..Financial and institutional sustainability as a means of providing access to financial services
over time, and
……..Multiple providers of financial services where feasible so as to bring cost effective and wide
variety of alternatives to customers.(Wikipedia, 2011)
INTRODUCTION
CONTD
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The main objective of financial inclusion is poverty alleviation. It is envisaged
that by deepening the access of the financially excluded, whose membership
is dominated by the poor, to financial services, especially credit, the poor will
be economically empowered to create wealth with the attendant positive rub
offs on the national economy.
Microfinance involves the provision of financial services to the poor and the
low income segment of society. Worldwide, microfinance has been identified
as a potent instrument for promoting financial inclusion and consequently,
poverty alleviation.
In 2005, the Central Bank of Nigeria formulated the National Microfinance
Policy along the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals and the
National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) and
thus was born, the formal microfinance subsector in Nigeria. The CBN had
since undertaken a comprehensive review of the Policy to address the
identified challenges of the emergent subsector and leverage on its
achievments.
INTODUCTION CONTD
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The stakeholders in the microfinance subsector in Nigeria can be classified as
follows:
●Regulatory Environment Stakeholders comprising the CBN, the NDIC, Securities
and Exchange Commission, Federal and State Departments of Cooperatives, and
apex associations like the National Association of Microfinance Banks.
●Donor Agencies and Funds Providers like Human Rights Organizations and
Corporate Establishments using microfinance to achieve their corporate social
responsibility objectives.
●Microfinance Institutions and Operators which comprise Microfinance Banks,
NGO-MFIs, Cooperative Societies, Community Based Development Institutions,
Deposit Money Banks offering microfinance services, Development Banks,
Government Intervention Programmes and Trade Associations.
●Microfinance Support institutions comprising professional service providers in
accounting, audit law and technology, and
●Microfinance Beneficiaries or Microfinance Clients who are basically low income
people and micro entrepreneurs.
EMERGENCE OF MICROFINANCE
BANKS IN NIGERIA
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The Central Bank of Nigeria formulated the National Microfinance Policy in
December 2005 in order to deepen the access of micro entrepreneurs to financial
services. A liberal access of micro entrepreneurs to financial services is expected to
boost, expand and or modernize the operations of their businesses so that this
class of entrepreneurs can be economically empowered and thus be able to
contribute to national economic growth and development.
The Microfinance policy presented a blue print for the emergence of a regulated
Microfinance subsector in Nigeria under the supervisory purview of the CBN and
with deposit insurance cover provided by the Nigeria Deposit Insurance
Corporation. Inter alia, the policy provided guidelines for the establishment of de
novo Microfinance Banks, as well as migration of the existing Community Banks
and NGO- MFIs to Microfinance Banks. The policy also directed Community Banks
that were unable to convert to MFBs to close shop. Furthermore, the Policy
provided for the emergence of two types of Microfinance Banks namely: Unit
MFBs with a minimum paid up capital of N20million and operational outreach not
beyond a state of the Federation and State MFBs with a minimum paid up capital
of N1billion and operational outreach across the states of the Federation.
…..REASONS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF MICROFINANCE BANKS IN
NIGERIA
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The apex bank gave the following reasons for the formulation of the National Microfinance Policy:
Weak Institutional and Network Capacity: The prolonged sub optimal performance of many
erstwhile community banks, microfinance and development finance institutions is as a result of
incompetent management, weak internal controls and lack of deposit insurance schemes. Other
factors include poor corporate governance, lack of well defined operations and restrictive
regulatory / supervisory requirements.
Weak Capital Base: The weak capital base of the existing microfinance institutions could not
adequately provide a cushion for the risk of lending to micro enterprises.
The Existence of a Huge Un served Market: The size of the un-served market by the existing
financial institutions is large. For instance in 2005, the aggregate microcredit facilities in Nigeria
accounted for about 0.2 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and less than one percent of
total credit to the economy. This revealed the existence of a huge gap in the provision of financial
services to a large number of the active poor and low income groups.
Poor Banking Culture and Low level of Financial Literacy: The primary target of microfinance
initiative include people who have never had any banking relationship in their lives either due to
poor financial literacy, remoteness from bank locations or complete ignorance of what banking
entail. Most of these people equate microfinance with micro credit see banks and other fund
providers not as partners in business but mere sources of loans and advances.
……..REASONS CONTD
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Economic Empowerment of the Poor: Globally, micro small and medium
enterprises (MSMEs) are known to contribute to poverty alleviation through
their employment generating potentials. As people become gainfully
employed they are able to earn some income from which basic needs of life
are met. In Nigeria, however, the employment generation potentials of
small businesses have been seriously constrained by lack of access to fiancé
either to start , expand or re-engineer their present scope of economic
activities in order to generate employment.
The increasing interest of local and international investors in Microfinance :
Many local and international investors have expressed interest in investing
in the country’s microfinance sector.
Urban Bias in Banking Services: Most of the existing banks are located in
urban centres and several attempts in the past at encouraging them to
open branches in the rural areas did not produce the desired results .With
a high proportion of the Nigerian population still living in the rural areas, it
has become absolutely imperative to develop an institutional framework to
reach the hitherto un served population with banking services..
…….OBJECTIVES OF THE
MICROFINANCE POLICY
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I. Provision of diversified affordable and dependable financial services to the
economically poor which otherwise would have been excluded in a timely and
constructive to enable them undertake and develop long term sustainable
entrepreneurial activities.
II. Creation of employment opportunities and increase in the productivity of the
active poor in the country thereby enhancing their individual household income and
uplifting their standard of living.
III. Promotion of synergy and mainstreaming of the informal Microfinance subsector
into the formal financial system, thereby ensuring effective systematic and focused
participation of the poor in socio economic development and resource allocation.
IV. Enhancement of service delivery by all microfinance institutions to MSMEs and
rendering of specialised services such as payment of salaries , gratuities and pensions
licensed by the CBN.
V. Mobilisation of savings for intermediation and contribution to rural transformation.
VI. Promotion of linkage programmes between MFIs on one hand and DMBs, DFIs
and specialized funding institutions on the other.
VII. Provision of sustainable avenues for the administration of the micro credit
programmes of government and high net worth individuals on a non recourse basis,
and promotion of an enabling platform for microfinance service providers to network
and exchange views and experiences on their products and processes
THE IMPACT OF THE MICROFINANCE SUBSECTOR IN
PROMOTING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN NIGERIA
• Targets set for the subsector at inception in 2005 included the following:
• I. To cover the majority of the poor but economically active population by
2020 thereby creating millions of jobs and reducing poverty.
• II. To increase the share of micro credit as a percentage of total credit to
the economy from 0.9 percent in 2005 to at least 20 percent in 2020 and
the share of micro credit as a percentage of GDP from 0.2 percent in 2005
to at least 5 percent in 2020
• III. To promote the participation of at least two thirds of the states and
local governments in micro credit financing by 2015
• IV. To eliminate gender disparity by improving women’s access to financial
services by 5% annually
• V. To increase the number of linkages among universal banks,
developmental banks specialized finance institutions and microfinance
banks by 10% annually.
EVALUATION OF IMPACT
• The impact of the subsector in promoting financial inclusion in
Nigeria can be discussed under the following broad headings :
Access to funding, Social impact/Social Mission of Poverty
reduction, Gender Equality and Financial Literacy.
……….ACCESS TO FUNDING
• Access to Funding : With 877 MFBs in operation in Nigeria as at present
even after the liquidation of 103 of them in September, 2010, it is in order
to aver that microfinance banking has taken firm roots in Nigeria even if
the locations of the institutions are not evenly spread across the country.
For instance, a review of the distribution of Microfinance Banks in the
twelve most populous states of the Federation as at 31st Oct, 2011
revealed that while the most populous state in the Federation, Kano
State(population : 9.38m, 2006 census) had just 7 MFBs, the second most
populous state, Lagos State with 9.01m inhabitants had 178 MFBs and
while the 11th most populous state , Borno State with a population of
4.15 had only 4 MFBs, Delta State which was the twelfth most populous
state with 4.10m had 39 MFBs. Notwithstanding the uneven distribution
of the MFBs in the country, the astronomical increases in their numbers
had led to heightened awareness of the potentials that microfinance
banking holds for economic growth and development amongst
ACCESS TO FUNDING CONTD
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stakeholders such as government regulatory authorities, investors, development
partners, financial institutions, technical assistance providers and donor agencies.
Furthermore and perhaps, more importantly, economically active poor and micro
entrepreneurs, the primary foci of MFBs, are now taking advantage of the large
numbers of MFBs by increasingly demanding for microfinance services such as
credit, savings, financial advice and payment services. For instance, although the
statistics for total deposit mobilized and total credit created by MFBs at inception
are not available to facilitate inter-temporal comparisons, the total deposit
mobilized and total loans created by the 596 MFBs who rendered returns to the
NDIC as at March 2011(representing about 60% of total MFBs in operation) were
N326.85billion and N251.96billion respectively. These absolute figures indicate
that the microfinance subsector in Nigeria is being patronized by the citizens.
Furthermore, although there were no data of Nigerians who were served by the
informal microfinance subsector pre 2005 to facilitate comparison over time, a
study conducted by EFinA ( Enhancing Financial Innovation and Access) in 2010
revealed that 3.2 million Nigerians (representing 3.8% of the adult population) had
a Microfinance bank of which 57.9% were males and 42.1% were females while 1.8
million Nigerians (2.1% of the adult population) used their MFB account as their
main bank account.
……..SOCIAL IMPACT/SOCIAL MISSION
OF POVERTY REDUCTION
• Social Impact/Social Mission of Poverty Reduction: Notwithstanding the
modest gains recorded by MFBs in Nigeria these past six years, the poverty
challenge in the country remains daunting such that many of the
disadvantaged and economically active poor remain financially excluded.
For instance, many micro entrepreneurs still lack access to credit thereby
impeding economic growth and economic development. Indeed as noted
in the Revised Microfinance Policy : ‘ a large percentage of Nigerians are
still excluded from financial services. A study carried out by Enhancing
Financial Innovation and Access (EFin A) in August 2010 revealed that 39.2
million representing 46.3% of the adults in Nigeria were excluded from
financial services. Among the 53.7 percent that had access, 36.3 percent
derive their financial services from the formal financial institutions while
17.4 percent exclusively patronized the informal sector. Also the results of
the survey revealed that Nigeria was lagging behind South Africa,
Botswana and Kenya with 26 percent, 33 percent and 32.7 percent
financial exclusion rate respectively.
……GENDER EQUALITY
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Gender Equality : The EFinA study showed that 76.8 % of Adult female population
in Nigeria remain unbanked as compared to 63.5% of adult males thus confirming
that even with a growing microfinance subsector, women still suffer from gender
inequality in Nigeria. The following reasons have been given for the continued
gender inequality in the country in favour of men:
●Unequal access to productive resources, given the inequalities within the
household and lack of property (especially land) that can be offered as collateral
for loans and for generating capital,
●Low levels of education which make it difficult for women to participate in
training that requires a specific literacy level or vocational skills,
●Low self confidence and inability to deal with formal banking institutions,
●Time poverty and the unequal gender division of labour that prevent women
from starting economic businesses, and
●Limited mobility due to cultural factors and lack of access to appropriate means
of transportation which constrain their ability to conduct businesses, attend
training and search for markets and possible suppliers.
…..FINANCIAL LITERACY
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Financial Literacy: The 2010 study conducted by EFinA revealed
that despite the generally fairly high financial literacy of Nigerians
such that 69.9% of the adult population have heard and understood
what loans mean, while 59.5% have heard and understood what
savings accounts means, some Nigerians, precisely 44.7% still have
never heard of microfinance, 35.5% have heard and are aware of
what microfinance is all about while 19.8% have heard but never
knew what microfinance is all about. This is a sharp contrast to the
84.6% of the adult population in Nigeria who have heard and are
aware of the existence of conventional banks.
OPERATING CHALLENGES OF MFBs IN
NIGERIA
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A number of challenges had been identified as constraining MFBs from fulfilling
their potentials as financial inclusion instruments and economic growth drivers.
We have already alluded to the uneven distribution of MFBs in the country. The
skewed distribution of MFBs in Nigeria is capable of limiting access of a vast
majority of the economically active poor to credit. Even in those parts of the
country with sizable numbers of MFBs, most of the institutions are located in
urban places to the neglect of the rural areas because of pure profit making
considerations
Another challenge of the subsector is lack of relevant skills. Microfinance banking
is different from conventional banking. As earlier indicated, microfinance banking
involves the provision of financial services to the lower segment of the market.
Microfinance banking, therefore, requires specialized skills which are presently
lacking in the country.
Many operators with community banking background still run their businesses as if
they were community banks while quite a number of them also see themselves as
competitors to Deposit Money Banks. Consequently, they dissipate both
depositors’ funds and loanable funds by acquiring expensive infrastructure.
OPERATING CHALLENGES CONTD
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It is also noteworthy that there are still inadequate funds in the sector for intermediation owing to
lack of aggressive savings mobilization, inability to attract commercial capital and the nonestablishment of Microfinance Development Funds.
It is a matter for concern that most of the weaknesses that characterized the operations of
community banks and which led to the sub optimal performance of the institutions have started to
rear their ugly heads in the MFB subsector so much that by December, 2010, five years after the
formulation of the Microfinance Policy, the apex bank had to revoke the operating licences of one
hundred and one (101) Microfinance Banks. In announcing the withdrawal of the licenses, the apex
bank catalogued the weaknesses of the MFBs whose licenses were revoked. In the words of the
apex bank : ‘the MFBs whose licenses were revoked were found to have suffered total erosion of
their capital base and dissipation of depositors’ funds resulting from very high levels of nonperforming loans(NPLs) and or insider abuse which culminated in negative shareholders’ funds
unimpaired by losses and negative capital Adequacy ratio(CAR) which were far below the
prescribed minimum levels, in violation of the BOFIA and in contravention of the Regulatory and
Supervisory Guidelines for MFBs in Nigeria. In addition, many of the MFBs were unable to meet
matured obligations and had closed shop, a situation which had jeopardized depositors’ funds in
the affected institutions and was capable of ultimately eroding the safety and credibility of the
microfinance sub sector, if allowed to remain unchecked.
REFORM OF THE MFB SUBSECTOR IN
NIGERIA
• Efforts to reform and reposition the subsector for enhanced service
delivery include:
• Withdrawal of the operating licenses of 103 MFBs in 2010.
• Proposed criminal prosecution of errant directors and management
staff found culpable for the mismanagement of the affected banks.
• Intensified on site routine examination
• Continuos sanitization/revocation of licences of failed MFBs
• Zero tolerance for regulatory infractions
• Implementation of stiffer sanctions and penalty regime.
• The review of the Microfinance Policy framework
• The establishment of the Microfinance Certification Programme to
build capacity in the subsector.
• Facilitation of the establishment of an apex association for the
subsector; the National Association of Microfinance Banks in Nigeria
REFORM OF THE SUBSECTOR CONTD
• The adoption of Risk Based supervision in the
subsector
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE WAY
FORWARD
• There should be faithful and diligent implementation of
the Revised Microfinance Policy and other reform
initiatives already put in place.
• Mergers and Acquisitions as opposed to outright
liquidation should be encouraged in the subsector as
obtains in other jurisdictions like Germany where no
Cooperative Bank(equivalent of an MFB) has failed in
the past 50 years).
• Introduction of Differential Premium Assessment
System (DPAS) in the subsector should be given priority
attention.
CONCLUSION
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In this paper, we have attempted a linkage between financial inclusion
and poverty alleviation, while identifying microfinance banking as an
important instrument of financial inclusion. We also provided a historical
background to the emergence of Microfinance Banks in Nigeria and
evaluated the impact of the institutions on poverty reduction in Nigeria
through the promotion of financial inclusion. We were able to establish
that so far, MFBs in Nigeria have generally performed sub optimally
even if they are assailed by some operational challenges. We noted that
the reform of the sub sector is currently receiving the priority attention
of stakeholders particularly the CBN and the NDIC so as to reposition it
for enhanced service delivery. One of the reform initiatives is the
recent revocation of the operating licences of some MFBs. The recent
comprehensive review of the Microfinance Policy which led to approval
of the apex bank of a Revised Microfinance Policy is yet another major
reform initiative. Finally, we made suggestions for the way forward for
the subsector.