小马托福
01062699622
6.15YY阅读点题班
李金笑
微博:小马过河李金笑
小马托福
神啊~~怎么办！！
NND没阅读机经那还点什么！
题型分类
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小马托福
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文章与背景知识
“如果考生不了解一篇文章所论述的主题也没有关系，
因为回答问题的所有信息都在文章中给出”
小马托福
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小马托福
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小马托福
题型
1. 事实信息题 (3 to 6 questions per set)
2. 否定事实信息题 (0 to 2 questions per set)
3. 推断题 (0 to 2 questions per set)
4. 修辞目的题 (0 to 2 questions per set)
5. 词汇题 (3 to 5 questions per set)
6. 指代题 (0 to 2 questions per set)
7. 句子简化题 (0 to 1 questions per set)
8. 句子插入题 (0 to 1 questions per set)
9.小结题 (0 to 1 questions per set)
10.图表题 (0 to 1 questions per set)
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两大类
定位！太牛了！
——细节类题目 + 推断类题目
定位？狗屁啊！
——词汇题、指代题、句子简化题、插入句子题
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小马托福
词汇题
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The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to
The phrase X in the passage is closest in meaning to
不仅仅考察一个单词的基本意思，而是考察在文章上下文环境中所
表达的含义。
小马托福
词汇题
考察：认知和推断
1.认识——直接解题
2.推断：词的本身（词根词缀）、上下文信息和词的方向性
3.终极奥义——猜
若为推断，最后一定要带入原句验证答案
给我们节省时间的题型
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小马托福
词汇题
1. “挊”在文章中与那个选项意思最接近：
A. 玩
B. 跑
C. 撸
D. 吸
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小马托福
词汇题
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原文：
小明作为一个未经人事的男淫，从来没有过x生活。
他特别特别地向往，以至于只能每天以挊度日，暂时缓解孤枕难眠
之苦。
他向往着有一天能有一位女神驾临，将他从屌丝的汪洋大海中拯救
出来。
小马托福
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词汇题
The word “trappings” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. conditions
B. problems
C. influences
D. decorations
The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings.
小马托福
指代题
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The word X in the passage refers to
X通常为一个代词。
代词在句子中后部，找句子前半部分的主语；代词在句首出现，
找前一个句子的主语。
注意：代词和指代的名词数性和性质必须一致；
小马托福
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指代题
“他”在文章中指代：
A. 大学生
B. 小明
C. 室友们
D. 游戏
作为一个大学生，小明每天的生活非常单调。每天早上一起床，他就和室友们玩
儿起了各种游戏，比如LOL、DOTA或WOW。
小马托福
指代题
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The richest merchants in Amsterdam contributed money to reclaim a good 7,100
hectares of land. Forty-three windmills powered the drainage pumps so that
they were able to lease the reclamation to farmers as early as 1612, with
the investors receiving annual leasing payments at an interest rate of 17
percent.
The word “they” in the passage refers to
A. merchants
B. hectares
C. windmills
D. drainage pumps
小马托福
指代题
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Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different
types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots,
although these sometimes confuse an already large and
complicated picture.
The word “these” in the passage refers to
A. religious ceremonies
B. descriptions
C. types of ware
D. pots
小马托福
句子简化题
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Which of the following best expresses the essential
information
in
the
highlighted
sentence?
Incorrect
answer choices change the meaning in important ways or
leave out essential information.
错误选项：改变含义；遗漏重要信息
正确选项：含义一致；包含重要信息
小马托福
句子简化题
分类
1.确定主要逻辑关系（因果，让步转折等）
2.确定修饰&从属关系
3.去掉修饰部分
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句子简化题
非主干成分包括：
1.定语（介词短语+定语从句）
2.插入语
3.同位语（同位语从句必须看）
4.举例说明的成分（like，such as等）
注意：如果出现主语从句，则从句为主干
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句子简化题
错误选项的特征：
1.原句未提及的信息或相反信息；
于总是一个屌丝；于总是一个没有女朋友的屌丝
2.逻辑颠倒（因果颠倒，让步转折颠倒）
因为于总是一个屌丝，所以他没有女朋友
因为于总没有女朋友，所以他是一个屌丝
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小马托福
插入句子题
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解题步骤
1.分析被插入的句子（可有可无的）自身含有指代可直接做答
2.排除 那些破坏原文指代的/关系很紧密的
3.检查 新旧信息
小马托福
插入句子题
如何预测？
1.找两类词：
代词+逻辑连接词
2.若无代词、逻辑连接词——信息点的重复
（1）承上启下
（2）观点句或例子句
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插入句子题
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13．Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the
following sentence could be added to the passage.
Therefore, if the paintings were connected with hunting,
some other explanation is needed.
Where would the sentence best fit?
小马托福
插入句子题
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Another explanation for the focus on animals might be
that these people sought to improve their luck at
hunting. █This theory is suggested by evidence of chips
in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at
the drawings. █ But if improving their hunting luck was
the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult
to explain why only a few show signs of having been
speared. █ Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the
need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to
have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper
Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were
decreasing. █
小马托福
插入句子题
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13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the
following sentence could be added to the passage
Other
important
occasions
are
weddings.
Where would the sentence best fit?
school
graduations
and
小马托福
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插入句子题
hat do you remember about your life before you were three?
█Few people can remember anything that happened to them
in their early years. █Adults' memories of the next few
years also tend to be scanty. █Most people remember only
a
few
events—usually
ones
that
were
meaningful
and
distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s
birth. █
小马托福
插入句子题
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13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the
following sentence could be added to the passage.
Foreign trade was also responsible for certain innovations
in coloring.
Where could the sentence best fit?
小马托福
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Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties
introduced new
forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact
of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world.
■So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made
in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture.
■From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobalt
oxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level of manganese.
Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted
blue-gray color. ■In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East
India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought
to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably
Delft. ■The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such
as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for
the European market.
小马托福
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细节类题目
事实信息题Factual Information Questions
否定事实信息题Negative Factual Information Questions
小马托福
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事实信息题
According to the paragraph1, 关于于总哪个是正确的?
According to the paragraph1, 于总喜欢女人 because…
According to the paragraph1, why 于总要。。?
小马托福
事实信息题
解题步骤
1.读题
2.定位
3.转移
4.转化
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事实信息题
读题的重要性
e.g. 小明思想特别肮脏，因此他总举一些猥琐的例子。但是女神非
常讨厌小明举一些猥琐的例子。
问：根据上面一段话，为什么小明举一些猥琐的例子？
1.小明思想特别肮脏；2.女神非常讨厌小明举一些猥琐的例子
小马托福
事实信息题
难度的形成（定位与转移困难）
1.关键词在原文中为同意替换
2.存在多个与关键词相关的句子
正门不通走后门！——排除法
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事实信息题
错误或干扰选项的特征
1.与原文信息相反
2.为原文未出现的信息
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Paragraph 1: Research has shown that certain minerals are required by
plants for normal growth and development. The soil is the source of
these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the
soil. Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally
absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions. Some soils are notoriously
deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most
plant life. So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in
calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can
survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major
concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back
to the soil.
1. According to paragraph 1, what is true of plants that can grow in
serpentine soil?
小马托福
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So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and
only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive.
1. According to paragraph 1, what is true of plants that can grow in
serpentine soil?
○They absorb micronutrients unusually well.
○They require far less calcium than most plants do.
○They are able to absorb nitrogen in its elemental state.
○They are typically crops raised for food.
小马托福
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Paragraph 3: The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls,
with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples,
Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause
death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are
rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these
people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips
in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their
hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a
few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to
increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the
Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.
2．According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by
proposing that
小马托福
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Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these
people sought to improve their luck at hunting
2．According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted
figures of animals by proposing that
○Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had
seen
○the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of
animals for hunting
○the artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls
○Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at
hunting
小马托福
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Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well
find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual
fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to
be the same from one year to the next. We can say that
the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the
individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.
3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following
principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a
pond?
小马托福
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We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the
individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.
3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of
ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?
○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.
○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced.
○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.
○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’s
properties.
小马托福
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4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that
which of the following illustrated the most stable
ecosystems?
○Pioneer communities
○Climax communities
○Single-crop farmlands
○Successional plant communities
小马托福
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Paragraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made
ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more
stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation
that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food
webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists
concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended
on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands
dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad
weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In
contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will
tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.
4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the
following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?
小马托福
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Paragraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made
ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the
more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the
observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have
more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer
communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of
climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an
extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so
unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single
pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax
community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable
damage from weather to pests.
4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the
following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?
小马托福
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否定事实信息题
题目形式
According to the paragraph1, which of the following is NOT true of 小
明?
Paragraph1 mentions all of the following about 小明 EXCEPT…
正确选项的特点：与原文相反或没有提到
解题关键：找到三个出现的选项
小马托福
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否定事实信息题
解题步骤与事实信息题相同，但转化要求较低。
小马托福
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1. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as
required for successful colonization of the Pacific islands
EXCEPT
○ knowledge of various Austronesian languages
○ a variety of fishing techniques
○ navigational skills
○ knowledge of plant cultivation
小马托福
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Paragraph 3: The basic cultural requirements for the successful
colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boatbuilding, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the
first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often
marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements
and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites
originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of
several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast
Asia by about 5000 B.C.E. The culture of that time, based on
archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a
broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana,
sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the
culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime
adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing
techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.
小马托福
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the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the
islands in the first place
domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal
conditions
a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.
1. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as required for
successful colonization of the Pacific islands EXCEPT
○ knowledge of various Austronesian languages
○ a variety of fishing techniques
○ navigational skills
○ knowledge of plant cultivation
小马托福
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2. According to Paragraph2, which of the following is NOT a
question that paleontologists asked about the Cambrian
explosion?
○ Why was the origin of life a simple step in Earth’s history?
○ Why did it take so long for multicellular organisms to
develop?
○ Why did animal life evolve so rapidly?
○ Why does the fossil record lack evidence of animal evolution
during that time?
小马托福
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Paragraph 2: Scientists have asked important questions about
this explosion for more than a century. Why did it occur so
late in the history of Earth? The origin of multicellular
forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the
origin of life itself. Why does the fossil record not
document the series of evolutionary changes during the
evolution of animals? Why did animal life evolve so
quickly? Paleontologists continue to search the fossil record
for answers to these questions.
为啥迟？
为啥无fossil？
为啥快？
小马托福
为啥迟？
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为啥无fossil？
为啥快？
2. According to Paragraph2, which of the following is NOT a question
that paleontologists asked about the Cambrian explosion?
○ Why was the origin of life a simple step in Earth’s history?
○ Why did it take so long for multicellular organisms to develop?
○ Why did animal life evolve so rapidly?
○ Why does the fossil record lack evidence of animal evolution during
that time?
小马托福
推断题
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Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1
about 于总?
The author implies that 于总…
解题步骤
1. 读题 2. 定位
3. 转移 4. 转化
小马托福
推断题
排除法最好！
错误选项：
与原文直接相反；
根据原文信息无法推出（与原文所述毫无关系）
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小马托福
推断题
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Paragraph 6: Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up
soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals–an
environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins
with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned
mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be
absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots
would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the
metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would
be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the
standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in field trials,
the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter,
and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels
of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.
11. It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that compared with standard practices for
remediation of contaminated soils, phytoremediation
小马托福
推断题
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can be inferred from paragraph 6 that compared with standard practices for
remediation of contaminated soils, phytoremediation
does not allow for the use of the removed minerals for industrial purposes
can be faster to implement
is equally friendly to the environment
is less suitable for soils that need to be used within a short period of time
小马托福
推断题
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After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site
would be restored at a cost much lower than the price
of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for
remediation of contaminated soils.
小马托福
修辞目的题
考察内容
1.段落与段落之间的关系
2.句子与句子之间的关系
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小马托福
修辞目的题
段落与段落之间的关系
关键：归纳段意
注意：段落首句不一定是主旨句
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修辞目的题
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1.段落：问结构（标志词，若找不到就上下文关联：看首尾句）
问purpose看上下文首尾句
2.句子/词组
why does the author mention。。。。。。。
论据——论点
小马托福
修辞目的题
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1. 于总很忙，他经常喜欢和女同事一起吃饭。
2.于总经常和女同事一起吃饭这就是为什么他总是显得很忙的原因。
3.于总经常和女同事一起吃饭，所以于总很忙。
小马托福
修辞目的题
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．Why does the author mention that Upper Paleolithic cave art seemed to have “reached a peak
toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing”?
. To argue that Upper Paleolithic art ceased to include animals when herds of game became scarce
To provide support for the idea that the aim of the paintings was to increase the supply of animals
for hunting
. To emphasize the continued improvement in the quality of cave art throughout the Upper
Paleolithic period
. To show the direct connection between the decrease in herds of game and the end of the Upper
Paleolithic period
小马托福
修辞目的题
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Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply
of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of
the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.
小马托福
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