Module 11
Energy Management (continued)
Energy management basics
Energy audit
Demand-side management
Life-cycle assessment
Exergy analysis
Carbon and ecological footprints
Clean development mechanism
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Selected topics in Energy Management:
Energy audit 
Demand-side management 
Life-cycle assessment 
Exergy analysis (continued)
Carbon and ecological footprints
Clean development mechanism
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Exergy is the maximum theoretical work that can be
obtained from an amount of energy.
Energy is conserved.
Exergy (which is the useful work potential of the
energy) is not conserved.
Once the exergy is wasted, it can never be recovered.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Exergy (formal definition) and the Dead State
The useful work potential of a system is the amount of energy
we could have extracted as useful work.
The useful work potential of a system at the specified state is
called exergy.
Exergy is a property and is associated with the state of the
system and the environment.
A system that is in equilibrium with its surroundings has zero
exergy and is said to be at the dead state.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Exergy Forms
There are 4 components:
– Kinetic exergy of bulk motion
– Potential exergy of gravitational or electro-magnetic field
differentials
– Physical exergy from temperature and pressure
differentials
– Chemical exergy arising from differences in chemical
composition
We can ignore the first two for many industrial and economic
applications.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Exergy of kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is a form of mechanical energy and can be
converted directly into work.
Kinetic energy itself is the work potential or exergy of kinetic
energy independent of the temperature and pressure of the
environment.
Specific exergy of kinetic energy:
2
V
xke 
2
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
( kJ/kg)
It is also known as
kinetic exergy EKN
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Exergy of potential energy
Potential energy is a form of mechanical energy and can be
converted directly into work.
Potential energy itself is the work potential or exergy of potential
energy independent of the temperature and pressure of the
environment.
Specific exergy of potential
energy:
x pe  gz
(kJ/kg)
It is also known as
potential exergy EPT
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Physical exergy
Physical exergy from temperature and pressure differentials
2
V
  (h  h0 )  T0 ( s  s0 ) 
 gz
2
It is also known as physical exergy EPH
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Exergy of a flow stream
The exergy of a flow (stream) on a unit mass basis is written as
follows:
2
V
  (h  h0 )  T0 ( s  s0 ) 
 gz
2
The exergy change of a fluid stream as it undergoes a process
from state 1 to state 2 is
V22  V12
   2  1  (h2  h1 )  T0 ( s2  s1 ) 
 g ( z2  z1 )
2
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Exergy transfer by heat transfer
By the second law we know that only a portion of heat transfer
at a temperature above the environment temperature can be
converted into work.
The maximum useful work is produced from it by passing this
heat transfer through a reversible heat engine.
The exergy transfer by heat is
X heat
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
 T0 
 1   Q
 T 
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Derivation is given on the following slides.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Heat engine converts heat into work
ηthermal =
Wout
Qin
ηCarnot
Wmax
Qin
Hot reservoir at TH K
Qin
Wout
Qout
ηCarnot
=
= 1
-
Tenv
TH
Exergy = Wmax
= ηCarnot Qin
Environment at Tenv K
= 1Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Tenv
Qin
TH
Derivation ends here.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Exergy transfer by work
Exergy is the useful work potential, and the exergy transfer by
work can simply be expressed as
X work
W  Wsurr (for boundary work)

(for other forms of work)
W
where Wsurr  P0 (V2  V1 ) , P0 is atmospheric pressure, and
V1 and V2 are the initial and final volumes of the system.
The exergy transfer for shaft work and electrical work is equal to
the work W itself.
Note that exergy transfer by work is zero for systems that have
no work.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Exergy transfer by mass
Mass flow is a mechanism to transport exergy, entropy, and
energy into or out of a system.
As mass in the amount m enters or leaves a system the exergy
transfer is given by
X mass  m
where
2
V
  (h  h0 )  T0 ( s  s0 ) 
 gz
2
Note that exergy transfer by mass is zero for systems that
involve no flow.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
The Decrease of Exergy Principle
The exergy of an isolated system during a process always
decreases or, in the limiting case of a reversible process,
remains constant.
This is known as the decrease of exergy principle and is
expressed as
X isolated  ( X 2  X1 )isolated  0
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Exergy Destruction
Irreversibilities such as friction, mixing, chemical reactions,
heat transfer through finite temperature difference,
unrestrained expansion, non-quasi-equilibrium compression,
or expansion always generate entropy, and anything that
generates entropy always destroys exergy.
The exergy destroyed is proportional to the entropy generated
as expressed as
X destroyed  T0 Sgen
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
The decrease of exergy principle does not imply that the exergy
of a system cannot increase.
The exergy change of a system can be positive or negative
during a process, but exergy destroyed cannot be negative.
The decrease of exergy principle can be summarized as
follows:
 0

X destroyed  0
 0

Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Irreversible proces
Reversible process
Impossible process
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Exergy Balances
Exergy balance for any system undergoing any process can be
expressed as
 Total   Total   Total
  Change in the 

 
 
 

exergy

exergy

exergy

total
exergy

 
 
 

 entering   leaving   destroyed   of the system 

 
 
 

For a reversible process, the exergy destruction term is zero.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
General:
X in  X out

Net exergy transfer
by heat, work, and mass
X destroyed  X system
Exergy
destruction
Change
in exergy
General, unit-mass basis:
( xin  xout )  xdestroyed  xsystem
General, rate form:
X in  X out
Rate of net exergy transfer
by heat, work, and mass
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012

X destroyed  X system
Rate of exergy
destruction
Rate of change
of exergy
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
General, rate form:
X in  X out

Rate of net exergy transfer
by heat, work, and mass
where
X heat
X work
X destroyed  X system
Rate of exergy
destruction
Rate of change
of exergy
 T0 
 1   Q
 T 
 Wuseful
X mass  m
X system  dX system / dt
2
V
  (h  h0 )  T0 ( s  s0 ) 
 gz
2
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
YA Çengel and MA Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th Ed.
Chemical exergy
Even when a system is in a state of thermomechanical
equilibrium with the environment, it may still be out of equilibrium
with that environment owing to the difference in the composition
and nature of the components making up the system and the
environment, respectively.
These differences lead to values for the chemical exergy.
For example, pure nitrogen and oxygen have nonzero chemical
exergies because their mole fraction in the environment is
different from unity (1).
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Chemical exergy in Iron Production
Production of pure iron (Fe) from iron oxide (Fe2O3).
This requires exergy from burning coke (pure carbon).
The reaction is as follows:
2Fe2O3 + 3C  4Fe + 3CO2
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the waste product from the reaction.
3/4 moles of CO2 is produced per mole of Fe manufactured.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
2Fe2O3 + 3C  4Fe + 3CO2
Component
Chemical exergy
(kJ/mol)
Number of
moles in the
reaction
Chemical
exergy (kJ)
Fe2O3
16.5
2
33
C
410.3
3
1230.9
Total chemical exergy of reactants
1263.9
Fe
376.4
4
1505.6
CO2
19.9
3
59.7
Total chemical exergy of products
1565.3
Exergy imbalance = 1565.3 – 1263.9 = 301.4
2Fe2O3 + 3C  4Fe + 3CO2 has the correct mass balance,
but incorrect exergy balance
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
2 Fe2O3 + 3.76 C + 0.76 O2  4 Fe + 3.76 CO2
On the input side oxygen has been added to
fulfill the balance of the extra C required
Component
Chemical exergy
(kJ/mol)
Number of
moles in the
reaction
Chemical
exergy (kJ)
Fe2O3
16.5
2
33
C
410.3
3.76
1542.7
O2
4.4
0.76
3.3
Total chemical exergy of reactants
1579
Fe
376.4
4
1505.6
CO2
19.9
3.76
74.8
Total chemical exergy of products
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
1580.4
Exergy balance = 1580.4 – 1279.0 ≈ 0
2 Fe2O3 + 3.76 C + 0.76 O2  4 Fe + 3.76 CO2
3.76/4 moles of CO2 is produced per mole of Fe manufactured
Molecular mass of Fe is 56 and that of CO2 is 44.
(3.76/4) x 44 kg of CO2 is produced per 56 kg of Fe.
0.74 kg of waste CO2 is produced per kg of Fe manufactured.
This is the thermodynamic minimum.
In reality, blast furnace has an average efficiency of 33%.
So, a mole of C accounts for only 135.4 kJ instead of 410.3 kJ.
As a result, we require 12.42 moles of C instead of 3.76 moles.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
2 Fe2O3 + 12.42 C + 9.42 O2  4 Fe + 12.42 CO2 + heat
Component
Chemical exergy
(kJ/mol)
Number of
moles in the
reaction
Chemical
exergy (kJ)
Fe2O3
16.5
2
33
C
410.3
12.42
5095.9
O2
4.4
9.42
41.4
Total chemical exergy of reactants
5170.3
Fe
376.4
4
1505.6
CO2
19.9
12.42
247.2
Total chemical exergy of products
1752.8
Exergy balance = -3417.6
(12.42/4) x 44 kg of CO2 is produced per 56 kg of Fe.
Prof. R. Shanthini
2.44
kg2012
of waste CO2 is produced per kg of Fe manufactured.
17 March
Types of exergy service
•
•
•
•
•
•
Prime movers ( electricity)
Transport
High temperature process heat
Mid and low temperature process heat
Lighting
Non-fuel application
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Exergy Analysis:
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Transactions of the ASME, Vol 119, Sept 1997, pp200-204
Exergy Analysis:
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Transactions of the ASME, Vol 119, Sept 1997, pp200-204
Exergy Analysis:
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Transactions of the ASME, Vol 119, Sept 1997, pp200-204
Exergy efficiency of useful work categories:
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
B. Warr et al. / Ecological Economics 69 (2010) 1904–1917
Exergy efficiency of useful work categories:
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
B. Warr et al. / Ecological Economics 69 (2010) 1904–1917
Exergy efficiency of useful work categories:
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
B. Warr et al. / Ecological Economics 69 (2010) 1904–1917
Exergy efficiency of useful work categories:
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
B. Warr et al. / Ecological Economics 69 (2010) 1904–1917
Energy and exergy efficiencies of space heating technologies:
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
B. Warr et al. / Ecological Economics 69 (2010) 1904–1917
Aggregate exergy efficiency:
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
B. Warr et al. / Ecological Economics 69 (2010) 1904–1917
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Exergy maps also available at
http://gcep.stanford.edu/research/exergycharts.html
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Selected topics in Energy Management:
Energy audit 
Demand-side management 
Life-cycle assessment 
Exergy analysis 
Carbon and ecological footprints 
Clean development mechanism
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Let’s take a look at how globalization
assists in combating global warming.
Global warming is said to have caused by
greenhouse gases (GHG).
GHGs are gases in an atmosphere that absorb
and emit radiation within the thermal infrared
range. This process is the fundamental cause of
the greenhouse effect.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
The Greenhouse effect
A
SUN
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
T
M
O
S
P
H
E
R
E
The main GHGs in the Earth's atmosphere
are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, and ozone.
Without GHGs, Earth's surface
would be on average about
33°C colder than at present.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Rise in the concentration of four GHGs
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
The burning of fossil fuels, land use change
and other industrial activities since the
Industrial revolution have increased the
GHGs in the atmosphere to such a level that
the earth’s surface is heating up to
temperatures that are very destructive to life
on earth.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Time taken to reach equilibrium after the emissions peak
Magnitude of response
Sea level rise due to ice
melting takes several
millennia
CO2 emissions peak
0 to 100 years
Sea level rise due to
thermal expansion takes
centuries to millennia
Temperature
stabilization takes a
few centuries
CO2 stabilization takes
100 to 300 years
CO2 emissions
Today 100 years
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
1000 years
So there was an urgent need for
global action to reduce GHGs.
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Kyoto
Protocol
One
global
treaty
Another
global
treaty
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
UNFCCC sets an overall framework for
intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge posed
by climate change.
It recognizes that the climate system is a shared
resource whose stability can be affected by industrial
and other emissions of carbon dioxide and other GHGs.
The objective of the treaty is to stabilize GHG
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/items/2627.php
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
Under the Convention, governments:
- gather and share information on GHG emissions, national
policies and best practices
- launch national strategies for addressing GHG emissions
and adapting to expected impacts, including the provision of
financial and technological support to developing countries
- cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of
climate change
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/items/2627.php
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
May 09, 1992: The Convention was adopted at the
United Nations Headquarters, New York.
June 1992 – June 1993: It was open for signature at the
Earth Summit (held in Rio de Janeiro) and thereafter at
the United Nations Headquarters, New York.
March 21, 1994: The Convention entered into force.
Currently, there are 194 Parties (193 States and 1 regional
economic integration organization) to the UNFCCC.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/
status_of_ratification/items/2631.php
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to
the UNFCCC, and it is adopted at third Conference of
Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997.
The major distinction between the Protocol and the
Convention is that while the Convention encouraged
industrialised countries to stabilize GHG emissions, the
Protocol commits them to do so.
Recognizing that developed countries are principally
responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in
the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of
industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on
developed nations under the principle of “common but
differentiated responsibilities.”
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
Kyoto Protocol
Dec 11, 1997: The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto,
Japan.
Feb 16, 2005: Protocol entered into force.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Kyoto Protocol
The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets
binding targets for Annex I parties for reducing the
emissions of the following GHGs:
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Methane (CH4)
- Nitrous oxide (N2O)
- Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
- Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) group of gases
- Perfluorocarbon (PFC) group of gases
The binding targets of Annex 1 parties amount to a
total of 5.2% below that of 1990 levels over 2008-2012.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
Annex 1 parties to Kyoto Protocol
Australia,
Bulgaria,
Denmark,
Germany,
Ireland,
Liechtenstein,
Netherlands,
Portugal,
Slovenia,
Turkey,
Austria,
Canada,
Estonia,
Greece,
Italy,
Lithuania,
New Zealand,
Romania,
Spain,
Ukraine,
Belarus,
Belgium,
Croatia,
Czech Rep.
Finland,
France,
Hungary,
Iceland,
Japan,
Latvia,
Luxembourg, Monaco,
Norway,
Poland,
Russia
Slovakia,
Sweden,
Switzerland,
UK,
USA
Countries with economies in transition to a market economy.
Annex II countries which is a subgroup of Annex 1 countries.
USA has no intention to ratify the Protocol.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Emission trend of Annex 1 parties in 2005
Decreased emissions
(1990 baseline)
Increased emissions
(1990 baseline)
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Kyoto Protocol
USA, which was expected to cut the emissions 7% below
the 1990 level, has no intention to ratify the Protocol.
Since USA, which roughly contributes a quarter of the
world’s GHGs, has not ratified the Protocol and since a
number of parties to the Protocol has not so far met their
Protocol emissions target, the success of the Kyoto
Protocol is questionable.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
The Kyoto Mechanisms
Under the Treaty, countries must meet their targets
primarily through national measures.
However, the Kyoto Protocol offers them an additional
means of meeting their targets by way of three marketbased mechanisms, which are the following:
Emissions trading (ET), known as “the carbon market"
Clean development mechanism (CDM)
Joint implementation (JI)
The mechanisms help stimulate green investment and help
Parties meet their emission targets in a cost-effective way.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
The Kyoto Mechanisms
ET - Emissions Trading
AAU (Assigned Amount Units) are exchanged between
Annex I countries
JI - Joint Implementation
Annex I investors receive ERUs (Emission Reduction
Units) by investing in a project in another Annex I nation
which reduces GHG emissions
CDM - Clean Development Mechanism
Annex I investors receive CERs (Certified Emission
Reductions) by investing in a project in a non-Annex I
nation which reduces GHG emissions
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
CDM is a mechanism to ensure that Annex I countries can
meet their emission reduction target in a cost effective way by
financing GHG emission reduction in developing countries.
If an Annex I country finance an emission reduction project in
a Non-Annex I country, the project participants will be granted
”Certified Emission Reductions” (CERs), also called carbon
credits.
The number of CERs granted reflects the emission reduction;
an emission reduction equal to one metric ton of CO2 gives
one CER.
The CERs are tradable, and they can be used to supplement
national GHG emission reductions.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://www.bellona.org/factsheets/1191918665.67
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://www.bellona.org/factsheets/1191918665.67
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Annex I countries cannot base all their emission reductions on
CERs.
The European Trading System (ETS) limits emission
reductions covered by CERs to 10 to 30 percents; the rest
must be real emission reductions in the home country.
There are two reasons for this limit;
(1) to ensure that there are not too many CERs on the market
(2) to ensure that Annex I countries do not base all their
emission reduction on buying CERs without reducing
emissions at home.
Only projects that contribute to sustainable development in
developing countries are accepted as CDM projects.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://www.bellona.org/factsheets/1191918665.67
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Only projects that would not have taken place without the
CDM will be accepted as a CDM projects, and this is
referred to as the Additionality criteria.
An example of additionality is a wind power project that is
not profitable without the CDM, but with the added value of
CERs it will be profitable.
A financial and/or technical analysis has to be performed to
document additionality. The analysis has to highlight all
reasons why the project would not happen without the CDM,
and all technical, legal and infrastructural barriers must be
described.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://www.bellona.org/factsheets/1191918665.67
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
The idea behind additionality is to ensure that CDM projects
results in real emission reductions that would not have
happened in a business-as-usual scenario.
Another prerequisite for CDM projects is that there exists a
recognised method for calculating emission reduction. This is
referred to as the Methodology criteria.
Finally, CDM projects must also meet the host country’s criteria
for sustainable development.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://www.bellona.org/factsheets/1191918665.67
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
The complicated framework for registration of CDM projects
has lead to criticism because several sustainable projects find
the cost of CDM registration as a main barrier for the project.
As an example, several smaller solar energy projects in
developing countries have not taken place because of an
expensive and complicated process of CDM registration.
However, a procedure called Programmatic CDM will reduce
this barrier because it allows similar projects to be evaluated in
one common process instead of several individual processes.
Another problem is that many potential CDM projects do not
apply for CDM status due to lack of knowledge about the CDM
registration process.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://www.bellona.org/factsheets/1191918665.67
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
CDM projects include energy efficiency, renewable energy
production, methane emission reduction, and fuel switch
projects.
There are CDM projects within several industrial sectors
including power production; steel, cement and paper plants;
renewable energy; forestation; hydropower; and biomass.
Some projects are controversial, like large water dam projects
for hydropower and HFC23 projects (HFC23 is a GHG with a
global warming potential 11,700 times higher than CO2). The
HFC23 projects have so far been extremely profitable, and it is
therefore discussed to exclude HFC23 projects from the CDM.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://www.bellona.org/factsheets/1191918665.67
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Around half of CDM credits issued have been for destroying
HFC-23 (trifluoromethane) which is emitted while making the
refrigerant HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane).
HFC-23 is easily removed by cheap gas scrubbers. It prevents
more preferable CDM projects, like biomass or wind power, and
creates a perverse incentive for companies to expand refrigerant
plant capacity purely for the greater profit of destroying HFC-23
byproducts.
Montreal protocol is aimed to reduce ozone-depleting gases - for
example, by replacing HCFC-22 with other HFC blends or
hydrocarbons which are kinder to the ozone layer.
But developing countries are allowed to increase their HCFC-22
production until 2016 and maintain that level until 2040.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
There are large commercial risks due to the uncertainty of
future CERs prices, since Kyoto protocol expires in 2012 and it
is highly uncertain what happens with CDM post Kyoto.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://www.bellona.org/factsheets/1191918665.67
There is a common international understanding that there
is a need for a mechanism like CDM also beyond 2012,
but one challenge is to establish a mechanism that all
countries can agree on, including the U.S. and other
countries that have not ratified the Kyoto protocol.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Source: http://www.bellona.org/factsheets/1191918665.67
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority
The overall objective of the energy management programme is
to enhance economic activity of the country without making an
additional burden on the energy sector.
It is observed that this can be achieved by realizing energy
conservation equivalent to 20% of the energy consumption of
year 2010, by 2020.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/energy_managment.html
Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority
The energy management programme launched by SLSEA has
4 facets as per given below,
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Regulatory interventions
Energy Efficiency services
Enhancing awareness on energy conservation
Facilitating funding schemes for energy efficiency
improvement.
The scope of the activities is to support energy efficiency
improvement and conservation in all sectors, namely industrial,
commercial and domestic consumer categories.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/energy_managment.html
Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority
Activities:
(a)
Energy auditing and supportive services through Energy
Services Companies (ESCOs)
(b)
Training & education on energy conservation & management
(c)
Facilitation services through sophisticated measuring
equipment
(d)
Coordinating energy management activities through Energy
Managers
(e)
Energy labeling of electrical appliances
(f)
Introducing energy efficiency guidelines for building construction
(g)
Sri Lanka National Energy Efficiency Award
(h)
Software for energy system analysis
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/energy_managment.html
Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority
REGULATORY INTERVENTIONS
ENERGY LABELING PROGRAMME
In the process of energy efficiency improvement, ensuring
high efficiency levels of the electrical appliances used is a
very important aspect.
Internationally accepted methodology for this is ‘Energy
Labeling’. SLSEA has launched energy labeling process in
collaboration with the Sri Lanka Standards Institute (SLSI).
Cooperation is obtained from National Engineering Research
& Development (NERD) Centre and University of Moratuwa
for product testing and related technological assistance.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/energy_managment.html
Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority
ENERGY EFFICIENCY FINANCING
SUSTAINABLE GUARANTEE FACILITY (SGF)
(a) SGF is a mechanism providing technical and financial
guarantees for energy efficiency improvement projects
(b) Participating Financial Institutes for SGF
- Hatton National Bank
- Sampath Bank
- Commercial Bank
- NDB Bank
- DFCC Bank
- Seylan Bank
- Bank of Ceylon
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/energy_managment.html
Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority
ENERGY EFFICIENCY SERVICES
Energy consumption baselines for industrial & commercial
sectors
Energy Consumption Baselines established for some of the
sectors provide some basic guideline for setting targets for
the establishments in the respective sectors.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/energy_managment.html
Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority
AWARENESS PROGRAMMES
Taking the message of energy conservation to end use sectors
including the general public is an important aspect in carrying
out energy conservation in the country.
Our programmes on awareness creation include enhancing
the knowledge on energy conservation and inculcating
attitudes towards energy conservation among seminars &
workshops as well as print & electronic media are the different
channels used in carrying out awareness programmes.
School population is a special target group, and school
curriculum based awareness creation approach is in place.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/energy_managment.html
Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority
AWARENESS PROGRAMMES
Taking the message of energy conservation to end use sectors
including the general public is an important aspect in carrying
out energy conservation in the country.
Our programmes on awareness creation include enhancing
the knowledge on energy conservation and inculcating
attitudes towards energy conservation among seminars &
workshops as well as print & electronic media are the different
channels used in carrying out awareness programmes.
School population is a special target group, and school
curriculum based awareness creation approach is in place.
Prof. R. Shanthini
17 March 2012
http://www.energy.gov.lk/sub_pgs/energy_managment.html