Objectives
• The students will
examine the Industrial
Revolution.
• Complete Warm ups
• Complete TAKS
Activity
• Complete Ch 19
Map/Graph Activity
• Discuss Ch 19
Sections 1&2
• Complete Section 1&2
Study Guides
Industrial Revolution
• Definition
– the shift from
making goods
by hand to
making them
by machine
List of Inventions from 1700-1900
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battery
bi-focal glasses
carbonated water
thermometer
Cotton Gin
electricity
reflecting telescope
hot-air balloon
interchangeable parts
mayonnaise
parachute
Metric System
Time Zones
sandwich
steamboat
voltage batterycanning
anesthesia
modern pencil
Microphone
stethoscope
electric motor
lawn mower
Mechanical Reaper
Morse Code
pasteurized milk
rubber band
safety pin
telephone
telegraph
blue jeans
Bunsen Burner
peanut Butter
cash register
Coca-Cola
camera
elevator brake
escalator
hotdogs
fountain pen
electric iron
zipper
safety matches
motorcycles
elevator
paper clip
potato chips
radio
rayon
records
x-rays
toilet paper
Tractor
typewriter
vacuum cleaner
bicycle
submarine
diesel engine
first incandescent light bulb
dishwasher
sewing machine
light bulb
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1780’s – 1800’s
• The Industrial Revolution was a period from
the 18th to the 19th century where major
changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining,
transportation, and technology had a profound
effect on the socioeconomic and cultural
conditions of the times.
• It began in the United Kingdom, then
subsequently spread throughout Europe, North
America, and eventually the world.
Adam Smith
• Physiocrat:
– One who searches for natural laws that govern
the economy; part of the Enlightenment
Laissez-faire:
• Government should leave the economy alone
–
–
–
–
No regulations
No protection for workers
No control of prices
No control of wages
• The guide for the economy is self-interest
(one might call it greed).
• Self-interest will ultimately make it better for
everyone.
• The economy will be guided by an Invisible
Hand (market forces).
Role of Government
• Protect the citizens from foreign invasion.
• Protect the citizens from internal enemies.
• Help build infrastructure (roads, canals,
bridges).
Law of Supply and Demand
• Supply: the amount of items at a given price
available for sell.
• Demand: the number of items at a given price
that consumers wish to purchase.
• Law of Supply & Demand: If the demand for an
item grows beyond its supply, more producers
will enter that market to increase the supply until
the market achieves equilibrium. If the demand
for a specific item lessens, producers will leave
the market and put their resources into more
profitable items.
Law of Competition
• Competition is good.
• Competition keeps prices low.
• If you cannot produce an item that is
competitive in the market, you will go out
of business.
• If you go out of business your resources
will be put to use in a more productive way
and you will find another place in market.
What is the down side of Free
Enterprise Capitalism?
• The individual is on his own; every man
for himself. If you do not have
marketable skills or control of needed
resources, you may easily get left
behind and never be able to live
beyond subsistence in this economic
system.
1. Improve agricultural practices
Increased food supply low prices
5 REASONS WHY
INDUS. REV. BEGAN
IN GREAT BRITAIN:
2. Population grew;
more people to work
3. Britain had money
4. Natural Resources
5. Britain had many markets
throughout Europe
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
IN
GREAT
BRITAIN
Production Before The Industrial
Revolution: Food
• All goods were made by hand or grown on
the farm.
• Farmers grew just enough food to survive.
• Surpluses might be exchanged for goods
made in towns on “Market Days”.
Agricultural Revolution:
England
• Increased use of agricultural machinery and
techniques enables the farmer to increase
productivity: reaper & iron plow (later tractors)
– Mechanization requires less people to work the farms.
– The more land, the more products to sell. The
Enclosure Act removes the poor people from the land.
Before:
Essential Goods
• Most necessities, such as clothing, furniture, and
tools, were made on the farm or in small shops in
the towns and villages.
• Cottage Industry – (cotton) 2 step slow process of
spinning & weaving by individuals.
Cottage Industry
• The Good:
– Pro-family (keeps worker near/in home)
– Worker meets quota and works at own pace
• The Bad:
– Owner of raw material could not track its use
(inefficient control of production)
– No on-site management of production
– Could not mass produce
– Not in control of equipment
Before:
Essential Goods
• Manufacturing in towns
• Some items were made in towns in guild shops
– Guilds were associations of craftsmen in a certain
profession.
– Craftsmen used simple tools to make cloth,
hardware, leather goods, etc.
– Cottage Industry: Items were, essentially, handmade by women working out of their homes.
Population Before Industrial Revolution
• Less than 10% live in cities
• Most lived in small towns or villages in the
countryside.
• The majority were farmers leasing small
plots of land from landowners (subsistence
farming).
• Life and community revolved around the
agricultural seasons.
(1) People moved from the country to the city – living
conditions in cities were pitiful
(2) two new classes evolved – industrial middle class and
industrial working class
(3) Men were now expected to earn most of the money
Family Life: Before Industrialization
• Living conditions were hard for most people
– Life revolved around the success of the crops.
– Most people were malnourished and susceptible
to diseases.
– Frequent diseases and epidemics kept the
population relatively stable.
– Life expectancy was about 30-35 years.
– Marriage and child bearing occurred during the
teenage period.
Working: Before
• Boys worked in the fields and helped make tools and
other necessary implements.
• Girls worked at home doing necessary chores, such as
making clothes, baskets, cooking, cleaning, etc.
• There was little or no pay other than a place to live and
food to eat.
• Everyone helped out at an early age.
• No coinage or currency for the public for the easy
exchange of goods and services.
Overview of Industrial
Revolution
• The Industrial
Revolution creates
great wealth but also
great social and
economic inequality,
prompting a backlash
of political, social, and
economic reforms.
Why did the Revolution begin in
England?
• Because
England had the
4 factors for
production
necessary for
industrialization
What are the four factors of
production?
• Land (raw material, natural resources)
• Labor (skilled and unskilled labor
force, management)
• Capital (money for investments)
• Entrepreneurs (People with a vision
and the ability to make it happen)
Land
• Natural resources such as:
– water power and then coal to fuel new machines
– iron ore to construct machines, tools, and
buildings
– raw materials such as cotton, hemp, wood, etc.
– rivers for inland transportation
– harbors from which merchant ships set sail
Labor
• An increase in population created a surplus of
workers
• Enclosed farms pushed farmers off the land and
into the cities
• Unskilled laborers were needed to run the
machines
• Middle management positions (factory
managers, accountants, equipment managers)
Capital
• A strong economic and
political stability in
England encouraged
private investment
• Banks gave loans to invest
in new machinery and to
expand operations
• Business people invested
in the manufacturing of
new inventions
Entrepreneurs
• People with a vision who see a need the
public will respond to
• People with skills and knowledge to
gather the needed raw material, recruit
and organize workers, and arrange for
capital and investments
What was the first industry to be
transformed by the revolution?
• Textile industry
– Britain’s textile industry clothed the
world in wool, in linen, and cotton.
– James Watt – improved steam engine
1782…steam power used to spin &
weave cotton using coal.
– By 1840 Britain’s cotton products
sold all over the world.
Major inventions in the textile
industry
• Inventions that transformed the
manufacture of cloth
– flying shuttle
– spinning jenny
– water powered spinning wheels
Willowing Machine
• Willowing was the breaking up of raw cotton
and removing impurities.
• Willowing machines first began to be used at
the end of the 18th century.
• The machine contained a large drum filled
with iron spikes, which loosened and
separated the fibers, and a powerful fan
which blew away the dust and other
impurities through a large pipe.
Spinning Jenny
• The Spinning Jenny was an 18th century
cotton spinning machine designed by James
Hargreaves in 1764 that improved thread
production.
• By turning a single wheel, the operator could
now spin eight threads at once.
Power Loom
• This invention made it possible for weaving to
become a large-scale factory based industry.
• Before the invention of the power loom it was
handloom weavers who made cloth. These
were men who worked in the basements of
their homes using wooden hand-powered
looms to weave cloth.
Flyer Spinning Frame
• Introduced by Richard Arkwright in 1769,
the flyer spinning frame is powered by
the drive wheel at the bottom, drawing
out the fiber into thread, then twisting it
as it is wound onto the bobbins.
Water Powered Mill
• Water turned
the paddles of a
wheel, which in
turn moved
grinding stones
or other
mechanical
devices.
COAL INDUSTRY EXPANDS
•The steam engine drove Britain’s Industrial Revolution using coal.
•Supply of coal seemed unlimited.
•Coal transformed the IRON industry
•Coal had been made in England since the Middle Ages.
•Henry Cort developed puddling, process of producing better quality
of iron.
•The British iron industry boomed!
•By 1852, Britain was producing almost 3 million tons of iron
annually.
Developments in England had an
impact on the rest of the world
• Example:
– England’s cotton came from plantations in the
American South, where cotton production
skyrocketed in response to demand from the textile
mills in England.
– To meet the demand Southern cotton producers
sought to expand into the new territory of the USA,
taking slavery with them.
– The expansion of slavery was one event that led to the
American Civil War in 1861-1865.
American Cotton Production
• Thanks to Eli
Whitney’s invention of
the cotton gin, cotton
production in the U.S.
skyrocketed from 1.5
million pounds in 1790
to 85 million pounds in
1810.
90
80
70
60
50
cotton
40
30
20
10
0
1790 1810
Age of Steam
• 1760s James Watt made significant
improvement to create an effective and
efficient steam engine.
• Now instead of being near a river, steam
power changed the location of factories to
where the resources or workers were
changing the landscape of England.
Transportation expands
• Invention of the steam engine,
which connected consumers,
producers, and suppliers
• Construction of canals
• Railroads, which promoted the
iron and steel industries, where
the Bessemer Process was
introduced
• Construction of better roads
Industrialization
changes ways of life
• Leads to urbanization (living in cities) and
urban ills
• Industrialization generates wealth for some
but hardship for others
• As divisions between rich and poor grow,
class tensions escalate
Effects of Industrialization
• Size of Cities
– Tremendous growth in population
– Some cities specialize in certain
industries
– Factories develop near sources of energy
– Growth of factories bring job seekers to
cities
Living Conditions
• No sanitary codes or building controls
• Lack of adequate housing, education and police
protection
• Lack of running water and indoor plumbing
• Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, whole families
crowding into one bedroom
• Unpaved streets had no drains and collected heaps of
garbage.
• Epidemics or diseases caused by poor water and
sanitary conditions regularly swept through slums
• Lead to a movement called Socialism-government
owns and controls means of production.
More about…
• Polluted water was a major
problem in British cities in
the 1800s. In London, most
drinking water came
straight from the Thames
River, which was filthy
with sewage and industrial
waste. In 1849, a cholera
epidemic killed 400
Londoners a day.
Working conditions
• Dirty and unsanitary factories
• Workers running dangerous machines for long
hours in unsafe conditions
• Harsh and severe factory discipline
• Average worker, including children, spent 14
hours a day at the job, 6 days a week
• FACTORY ACT of 1833 – children ages 913 work only 9 hours a day & ages 13-18 12
hours a day.
Child Labor
• Because they could be paid less, children
(and women) were often hired instead of
men.
• Children worked 6 a.m. to 7 or 8 p.m.
• To keep them awake, mill supervisors beat
them.
• Tiny hands around machinery often made
this very dangerous for the children.
Positive Effects of
the Industrial Revolution
• Created jobs for workers
• Contributed to the wealth of nations
• Fostered technological progress and
inventions in transportation, agriculture, and
communication
• Greatly increased the production of goods
worldwide
The Industrial Revolution led to
economic, social, and political
reforms
• Economic Reforms
– unions, collective bargaining, strikes
• Social Reforms
– eventual end of child labor
– new wage earning classes from the factory
workers
• Political Reforms
– laws were passed to protect the workers
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Explanation
Agricultural
Revolution
Political
New
Technology
1. Flying Shuttle:
2. Spinning Jenny:
Economic
3. Water Powered Loom:
4. Cotton Gin:
Geographic
5. Steam Engine:
6. Railroad:
Social