armasuisse
Federal Office of Topography, swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Structured Approach for Integrating
Cadastral Data in a Geodata
Infrastructure
Dr. Daniel Steudler
Swiss Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
The State Land Service of Latvia 20th Anniversary Conference
«Challenges for Cadastre in Digital Era»
8 May 2013, Riga, Latvia
Table of Contents
Land related issues and needs
Role of land administration, land management and
land governance
 Six key elements for a «Spatially Enabled Society»
Focus on two key elements

Landownership information

Common data integration concept
Case study
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
2
Challenges – Social
• population growth (increasing to 9
billion by 2050), huge urbanization
process
• intensive development of infrastructures
and basic services
• conflicts between concept of private
and individual landownership and of
traditional, indigenous land tenure
World urban/rural population 1950-2050
(esa.un.org)
43%
urban
36%
29%
71%
64%
57%
rural
51%
urban
49%
rural
40%
rural
60%
urban
70%
urban
30%
rural
1950
1970
1990
2010
2030
2050
(2.5 billion)
(3.7 billion)
(5.3 billion)
(6.9 billion)
(8.3 billion)
(9.2 billion)
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
3
Challenges – Environmental sustainability
•
•
environmental sustainability is hugely
affected by the "tragedy of commons"
dilemma;
serious erosion and degradation
problems;
 clear definition of responsibility and
accountability for the resource
"land".
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
4
Challenge – Disaster management
• Thailand after tsunami: lack of proper
landownership information allowed
financial investors to take over land, while
local fisherman have been ousted from
their properties;
• well documented landownership
information would have protected
minorities with lesser economic power
against exploitation;
• Aceh after tsunami: the loss of land
registry and cadastral data caused huge
problems for reconstruction, planning, and
social stability;
 Disaster management starts before the
disaster; landownership information is
crucial.
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
5
Challenge – Land Management
Nail house in Chongqing, China (2007):
A cadastre with documentation of land
ownership is clearly in place, but something
else seems to be non-satisfactory.
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
6
Land Administration and Management Paradigm
Tasks
Strategy
– visions and objectives
Management
– measures and projects for the
implementation of the policy
Administration / Documentation
– handling of spatial information, data
analysis, data visualization
– cadastral operations, data modelling, data
acquisition, data maintenance, data
distribution
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Land related
activities
Land policy
Land management
Land administration
and cadastre
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Tools / Methods
• political activities
• land-use planning
• land consolidation
• land reallocation
• melioration
• landscape development
• land recycling
• monitoring
• navigation
• geoinformation
• land registration
• cartography
• surveying
• geodesy
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Publication «Spatially Enabled Society»
Steudler, D. and A. Rajabifard, editors,
72 pages, FIG Publication no. 58
 http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub58/figpub58.pdf
A spatially enabled society – including its government – is one
that makes use and benefits from a wide array of spatial data,
information, and services as a mean to organize its land related
activities. Spatial enablement is a concept that adds location to
existing information and thereby unlocks the wealth of existing
knowledge about the land, its legal and economical situation, its
resources, potential use and hazards. Information on
landownership is thereby a basic and crucial component to
allow for correct decision-making. Such data and information
must be available in a free, efficient, and comprehensive way in
order to support the sustainable development of society. It
therefore needs to be organized in such a way that it can easily
be shared, integrated, and analysed to provide the basis for
value-added services.
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
8
Six Key Elements for a SES
• Legal framework for basic geoinformation;
• Common Data integration concept
• legal and institutional independence of information
(to allow for independent responsibilities);
• common geodetic reference framework;
• standardized data modelling concept;
• Positioning infrastructure for the common reference framework;
• Network infrastructure to enable integration and sharing of spatial
data through the spatial data infrastructure SDI;
• Landownership information as one of the basic information topics;
• Data and information
• official, authentic, complete, comprehensive, updated;
• accessibility of data i.e. public sector information initiatives;
• volunteered geographic information (VGI), web 2.0 possibilities.
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
9
Land Management Paradigm
SDI
Cadastral
engines…
Mapping agencies
and other data
providers
Land
Spatially
management
enabled
paradigm government
1. Multipurpose
Cadastre
Incorporating:
Tenure
2. Title or deeds
tenure style
Cadastres
(Torrens/English style)
3. Taxation driven
cadastre
Parcels
Properties
Buildings
Roads
Integrated functions
(German style)
Value
Use
(French/Latin/
USA style)
Development
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Land policy
Spatially
enabled
LAS
Services to
business
and
public
Better
decision
making
Sustainable
development
-
Economic
Environmental
Social
Governance
Country
context
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
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(Williamson, Enemark, Wallace, Rajabifard, 2010)
Land Ownership Information
Paul van der Molen
• application of subsidiary principle: political decisions should be
taken at lowest administrative and political level, and as close to
the citizens as possible
• interaction between Government, business, and citizens is
concerned with land tenure, land tenure security, land and
mortgage market
• it is generally accepted that a land administration system is to be based on land ownership
data
• examples are INSPIRE (where cadastral parcel
is a core data set); the six Dutch official and
authentic registries (one of them "parcel
and land registration"); or the Danish basic
data program (person, business, real property,
address, geographic, and incomes data)
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
11
Common Data Integration Concept
Legal topic
textual
information
Institution,
stakeholder
spatial data,
geoinformation
Geodata
Infrastructure
(GDI)
Water/noise protection Local government
Environ. protection
Environ. dept.
Land-use planning
Planning dept.
Collective land rights
Corporations,
tribes, clan
Land valuation
Government
Public-law restrictions Government
Land registry,
cadastre
National government
State government
Local government
Three key elements for data
integration concept:
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
- legal resp. institutional independence
- common geodetic reference framework
- standardized data
modelling
concept
Daniel
Steudler, 8 May
2013
12
Common Data Integration Concept
Advantages (1/2)
• stakeholders can (and have to) look after their own data sets,
they only have to respect the defined basic principles for a GDI
• the fear of stakeholders – loosing control over their data – can be
overcome
• work flow and data flow can be clearly defined and managed for
each stakeholder independent from the others
Legal topic
Institution,
stakeholder
Water/noise protection
Local government
Environ. protection
Environ. dept.
Land-use planning
Planning dept.
Collective land rights
Corporations, tribes,
clan
Land valuation
Government
Public-law restrictions
Government
Land registry,
cadastre
National government
State government
Local government
textual
information
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
spatial data,
geoinformation
Geodata
Infrastructure
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
13
Common Data Integration Concept
Advantages (2/2)
• GDI can be operated independently from other stakeholders
• layers/domains can be added or removed as the need arises
• layers/domains can be used to manage and accommodate
different legal or social issues (e.g. private landownership vs.
traditional indigenous land tenure; crowd-sourced data; VGI;
etc.)
• local, national or regional GDI can be established, which can
share and aggregate data sets for the benefit of sustainable
governance
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
14
Common Data Integration Concept
Issues
• all stakeholders have to respect those basic principles and
maintain and update their data sets accordingly
• setting-up a GDI is less of a technical problem, it is much more
about inter-governmental communication (to overcome
stakeholder's silo-type of thinking and the fear of loosing control
over its own data and information)
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
15
Conceptual Principles to Ensure Interoperability in Land Administration
1) legal and institutional independence, “layer” principle (possibility to define independent stakeholder responsibilities);
2) common geodetic framework;
3) standardized data modelling concept (long-term data security);
4) no logic relations between domains (connection through
geographic location only);
5) mandate for an independent body to operate the GDI, in order
to avoid power games between agencies.
These principles allow for an independent, very responsive,
and rather flexible geodata infrastructure (GDI).
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
16
Case Study Switzerland
• 1994: definition and introduction of digital format in cadastral
surveying (with 8 information domains and standardized data
modelling concept);
• 2004: adapted data model for cadastral surveying with 3
additional information domains;
• since 2009: development of GDI independently from cadastral
surveying; includes today some 150 different information
layers/domains (see map.geo.admin.ch);
• 2012: decision to include additional 17 public-law restrictions
(=domains) from different stakeholders into the cadastre in order
to provide an integrated and more transparent picture of privatelaw (rights) and public-law (restrictions) issues related to land;
such developments – mainly also in a federated context –
are possible only by respecting the basic conceptual
principles for land administration.
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
17
Legal security in landownership
LANDOWNERSHIP…
…is secured through standardized and readily
accessible documentation of private-law rights…
Land register
Cadastral surveying
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
…and of public-law
restrictions.
PLR cadastre
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
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17 PL-Restrictions on the Federal level
PL-Restriction
Institution,
stakeholder
textual
information
spatial data,
geoinformation
Geodata
Infrastructure
Cantonal and municipal use planning Land-use planning Dept.
Project zones
Construction lines
National Highway Dept.
Project zones
Construction lines
Railways
Project zones
Construction lines
Aerial obstacles
Airport authority
Hazardous waste
Environmental Dept.
Ground water protection zones
Water Management
Ground water protection perimeters
Noise levels
Environmental Dept.
Forest delimitation (in constr. zones) Forest Dept.
Forest distance lines
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
19
Example2
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
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Spatial enablement at work …
Federal Office of Topography swisstopo
Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
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