FOOD SECURITY POLICIES
&
POLICY FORMULATION PROCESS IN
THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
Food Advocacy Capacity Strengthening Workshop
Desmond Tutu Training Centre
Nairobi
24th November 2010
Ombalo, D. O.
Ministry of Agriculture
Kenya
Presentation Outline
1. An overview of food Security Policies
(a) Food Security perspectives and Situation in Kenya
(b) The Food Security and Nutrition Policy (FSNP)
2. The Policy Formulation Process
(a) Theoretical perspectives and methodology for
Policy Analysis
(b) Policy Formulation (Analysis) Process
(c) Formulation Procedures used by the MoA
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1. AN OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY POLICIES
(a). Food Security Perspectives and Situation in
Kenya
Food Security Definition:
• Food Security exists when all people, at all
times, have physical and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet
their dietary needs and food preferences for
an active and healthy life
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2010 Food Situation Assessment Report
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Agriculture and Food Security in Context
• Importance and central role of Agriculture and
food security outlined in various national and
sectoral policies and strategy papers
– Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, 2001
– Economic Recovery Strategy (ERS) for Wealth and Employment Creation,
2003-2007
– Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture (SRA) 2004-2014,
– Kenya Vision 2030 and the 1st Vision 2030 MTP
– The Agriculture Sector Development Strategy 2010 - 2020
– United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),
– Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) of
NEPAD, 2002
– Food Policy (Sessional Paper No. 4 of 1981)
– National Food Policy (Sessional Paper 1 of 1994)
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– National Food and Nutrition Policy (NFNP)
Contribution of Hunger Reduction towards Achieving
the MDGs
MDG
WHY HUNGER REDUCTION IS IMPORTANT
1. Eradicate
Extreme Poverty
and Hunger
Hunger perpetuates poverty by reducing productive
capacity of the weak and malnourished
2. Achieve
Universal Primary
Education
Hunger reduces school attendance and impairs learning
capacity; it also reduces school attendance more for girls
than for boys
3. Gender Equality
& Empower
Women
Gender inequality perpetuates the cycle in which mothers,
as undernourished children, give birth to low birth-weight
children
4. Reduce Child
Mortality
More than half of all child deaths are caused directly or
indirectly by hunger and malnutrition
5. Improve
Maternal Health
Under-nourishment and micronutrient deficiencies greatly
increase the risk of maternal death
6. Combat
HIV/AIDS, Malaria
and Other
Diseases
Undernourished children are more than twice as likely to
die of malaria, while hunger also spurs risky behaviour
that accelerates the spread of HIV/AIDS
7. Ensure Environmental
Sustainability
Hunger leads to unsustainable use of natural resources as
people look for means to survive
8. Develop a
Global Partnership
for Development
Subsidies and tariffs in developed countries hamper
hunger-reducing agricultural and rural development
highlighting the importance of developing good trade
relations
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(b) National Food Security and Nutrition Policy (FSNP)
FSNP Objectives
The broad objectives of
– To increase the quantity and quality of food
available, accessible and affordable to all Kenyans at
all times.
– To achieve good nutrition for optimum health of all
Kenyans.
– To protect vulnerable populations using innovative
and cost-effective safety nets linked to long-term
development
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FSNP Strategic Thrust Areas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Food Availability and Access
Food Safety and Quality Control
Nutrition Improvement
School Nutrition and Nutrition Awareness
Food Security and Nutrition Information
Early Warning and Emergency Management
Institutional and Legal Framework, Financing
Strategic Approaches for Policy Implementation,
Monitoring and Evaluation
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Strategic Interventions
1. Food Availability and Access:
• Policy objective is to increase the quantity and quality of food
available and accessible in order to ensure that all Kenyans have an
adequate, diverse and healthy diet.
• To be achieved by
– sustainable domestic production increases for diversified & affordable food
that meet basic nutrition requirements.
– Better storage and agro-processing that reduce post-harvest losses and help
smooth availability over time.
– Maintenance of strategic reserves of both food and cash stocks to ensure a
rapid response to emergencies.
– Functioning rural and urban markets and promoting food trade to ensure a
predictable supply of commercially available food.
– Enhancing employment opportunities and income from on-farm and off-farm
opportunities in rural areas, with related initiatives to promote urban
employment and improved food access.
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Strategic Interventions
2. Food Safety and Quality Control:
Policy objective is to ensure safe and high quality food by;
– creating public awareness and setting, promoting and enforcing
appropriate guidelines, standards and regulatory framework.
– Promoting public-private sector partnerships in improving food
product quality, regulations and safety
3. Nutrition Improvement:
Policy objective is to achieve good nutrition for optimum health of
all Kenyans.
– Enhancing food access, providing special nutrition interventions for
specific groups with high risk
– Creating awareness and skills to provide nutritious foods to all
family members and especially children
– Promoting healthy lifestyles throughout the life-cycle
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Strategic Interventions
4. School Nutrition and Nutrition Awareness:
Policy objective is to have all Kenyans knowledgeable about
good basic nutrition required to live a healthy and active
life, with clear and substantive roles for State institutions,
the media and other key stakeholders.
– focus on improved nutrition and nutrition education in
schools through school feeding programmes
– Building capacity amongst service providers in all sectors,
– enhancing nutrition-related adult education amongst the
general population and effective public awareness
campaigns.
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Strategic Interventions
5. Food Security and Nutrition Information
Policy objective is to build capacity and ensure the availability of
quality and timely food security and nutrition data,
information and analysis for better formulation and
management of integrated food security and nutrition policies,
programmes and actions.
– sectoral ministries and agencies supported in their efforts to
gather and manage crucial data and information.
– Cross-sectoral data brought together into special databases, and
in some cases supplemented with more specific indicators, to
allow for integrated and holistic food security analysis. Examples
of such cross-sectoral databases include those maintained by
the EWS, the CBS poverty database and KenInfo
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Strategic Interventions
6. Early Warning and Emergency Management:
Policy objective is to protect vulnerable populations and
address food insecurity concerns by developing capacity for
early warning and emergency management using innovative
and cost-effective safety nets and emergency relief
programmes linked to long-term development.
– EWS will be expanded and strengthened to provide crucial
information and analysis for emergency preparedness and
response, and to guide emergency mitigation and longer term
development.
– innovative emergency response mechanisms aimed at saving
lives, linked with strategic efforts towards recovery,
rehabilitation, restoration of livelihood systems, and
development
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Strategic Interventions
7. Institutional and Legal Framework & Financing
Policy objective is to ensure an effective institutional and legal
framework, and mobilize sufficient resources, in order to
achieve the objectives of the national Food Security and
Nutrition Policy.
– Existing institutional coordinating mechanisms, including at
national and sub-national levels, will be strengthened and
broadened to support the FSNP and related strategies and
programmes.
– A multi-sectoral Food Security and Nutrition Secretariat will be
created to ensure broad, cross-sectoral implementation,
coordination and monitoring mechanisms.
– The government will commit financial resources through its
Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) to meet the goals
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of the FSNP.
Strategic Interventions
8. Strategic Approaches for Policy Implementation,
Monitoring and Evaluation
– An essential component of the implementation strategy is
to create strong and lasting advocacy mechanisms.
Particularly important is the role of the media.
– phasing of programme of the implementation plan will be
the
– Implementing FSNP that acknowledges changes in people’s
food security and nutritional status and conditions over
time.
– An effective monitoring and evaluation system will be put
in place help identify successful and effective initiatives,
and guide the strategic re-phasing of the programme over
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time.
FSNP Implementation Structure
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2. The Policy Formulation Process
(a) Theoretical Perspectives and Methodology for
Policy Analysis
– The basis for policy analysis is process the problem
(development) identification
– Development of problem can be at three levels
» Micro level (individual & household production,
consumption and exchange)
» Macro level (aggregate demand and general
equilibrium in terms of consumption, investment,
government activities and trade)
» Meso level (interface of Micro and Macro level)
– Policy concerns arise around key drivers of the behavior of
economic variables in these three levels;
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(a) Theoretical Perspectives and Methodology for Policy
Analysis (Cont’)
There are four ways of identifying policy concerns
in these three areas;
– Public statements by Government that may cause
concern to the public or policy analyst
– Public outcry arising out of Government action or
omission
– None state actors wishing to influence Government
action in a certain direction
– Research targeting existing policy gaps
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(a) Policy Formulation (Analysis) Process
1. Specification
of Policy
Objectives
Objectives
2. Setting
decision
criteria
3. Selection of
Alternatives
Activities
4. Analysis of
Alternatives
5. Comparison
of Alternatives
Outputs
Choice of
Alternative
Outcomes/
Impacts
7. Monitoring
and Evaluation
Source: Based on Walker, 2000
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Steps in Policy Analysis
Step 1: Specification of Policy Objectives
– Involves identifying policy objectives, that if met, would
“solve or lessen” the problem
– Most policy problems may call for multiple objectives some
often conflicting
Step 2: Decision criteria
– Establishment of relevant criteria with which to evaluate
alternative policies
– Criteria used in assessing alternative policy actions that help
reach the goal & to enhance comparison, measurement and
selection among alternative policies
– Criteria include costs, benefits, efficiency, effectiveness,
administrative ease, legality acceptance etc
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Steps in Policy Analysis
Step 3: Identification of Alternative Policy options
– entails choosing among alternative policies that can address
the identified problem
– Specifies policies whose consequences can be quantified
– it is important to consider as many options as stand any chance
of being worthwhile
Step 4: Analyses of Alternatives
– Assessing each option using the appropriate methods to
determine how each alternative ranks in accordance with the
criteria under step 3 (an ex ante analysis of policy impact)
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Steps in Policy Analysis
Step 5: Comparison of Alternatives
– Involves presenting and comparing the alternative options in a way
that enables policy makers to identify differences between them and
to decide on the best option
Step 6: Choice of Alternatives
– The best alternative is chosen based on a prior criteria built around
desired outcomes and impact
Step 7 Implementation and Evaluation
– Involves putting the policy into effect in order to address the problem
fro which they were formulated
– M & E is necessary to ensure policy is actually accomplishing its
intended objectives
– M & E also ensures that policies are being implemented effectively,
are having the desired outcomes and are the basis for continued
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implementation, modification or termination of policies
(c) Formulation Procedures used by the MoA
1. Procedure starts with the Director, PER or the PS
receiving a policy concern from any one of the
following sources:– Central Agricultural Board
– Agricultural State Corporations
– Feedback from any government arm implementing a
national policy framework
– Interested agricultural sector stakeholders
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Formulation Procedures Used by the MoA (Cont’)
2. The PS in consultation with the Minister and Director,
PER will prioritize policy concerns and direct the
Agriculture Secretary and Director PER to either
prioritize the policy in PER’s Department Annual
Performance Contracts or where it is in response to an
ad hoc and urgent request embark on policy
formulation or review.
3. In consultation with the Agriculture Secretary, the
Director PER will direct the DD-Policy to commence the
policy formulation process which involves the following
key stages:24
Formulation Procedures Used by the MoA (Cont’)
•
•
•
•
•
Analysis of the Policy Concern/concerns
Development of a concept note
Constitution of a committee of key stakeholders
Policy inception/planning meetings to review concept note
Retreats by technical committees to develop zero draft and
refine drat policy documents
• Visits to key institutions to further analyze sector/subsector
or specific industry current status, constraints to optimal
performance and collect views on possible alternative
policy interventions
• Retreat to develop 1st draft
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Formulation Procedures Used by the MoA (Cont’)
4. DD, Policy Co-ordination shall forward the zero
draft to Director PER for input, with the latter
seeking further input from the other Technical
Directors in the Ministry and initiate the convening
of a stakeholder forum to subject the 1st draft to
critique.
5. With the approval of the PS and in consultation
with the Agriculture Secretary, Director PER shall
convene a stakeholders’ forum to discuss the draft
policy document.
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Formulation Procedures Used by the MoA (Cont’)
6. PER shall prepare an agenda and Circulate the draft
policy intervention to stakeholders for stakeholders
who shall study it to prepare for SHF.
7. At the appropriate and convenient time, Director
PER shall convene SHF to deliberate on the draft
policy intervention.
8. Director PER shall then convene the technical team
to study and incorporate stakeholders’ input.
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Formulation Procedures Used by the MoA
(Cont’)
9. The Director forwards the Policy to the PS through
the Agriculture Secretary, who upon review and
satisfaction share the same with the Minister and
direct that Director PER draft a Cabinet
Memorandum on the Policy
10.The Director PER drafts and forwards the Cabinet
Memorandum and requisite number of copies of
the policy document to the PS for signature and
forwarding to the Cabinet Office
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Formulation Procedures Used by the MoA (Cont’)
11.Upon approval by the Cabinet, the Permanent
Secretary shall authorize publishing of the policy
document, launching and official circulation and
implementation.
12.The Director shall, upon implementation of the
policy institute a programme for monitoring and
evaluation of progress to obtain valuable
feedback for the policy formulation process.
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