DEF 101
EPA Emission Requirements:
In 2010 the Environmental Protection Agency, OEMs,
and many trucking fleets committed themselves to a
cleaner environment by reducing NOx emissions. To
reduce NOx emissions, most new trucks are equipped
with a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system.
The SCR technology requires the use of
Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF).
EPA Emission Requirements:
The Challenge Facing
Heavy Duty OEMs For
2010:
Further Reduction Of
Oxides Of Nitrogen
(NOx)
PM (g/hp-hr)
What is SCR Technology?
SCR is an acronym for Selective
Catalytic Reduction. It is a catalyst
installed on the exhaust system of a
diesel truck. It sprays DEF into the
exhaust stream to mix with exhaust
gases to convert to nitrogen and
water.
OEM Position
Exited The
On-Road Market
The Benefit Of SCR Technology
Less Heat
Rejection
+
Higher Engine
NOx Levels
+
Less Active
Regenerations
=
* Compared To Same 2007 Engine
EPA Standards Are Not Limited To On-Road
Applications
• 2010 On-Road Diesel Engines
• 2014 Off-Road Equipment
• 2014 Largest C2 Marine
• 2015 Locomotives
• 2016 C3 Ocean Going Vessels
• 2017 C1 Marine
EPA Standards For Off- Road Equipment: 2014
Opportunity:
• SCR Technology Is Widely Used Today In The Ag Market
• Why? Fuel Economy Improvement Of 10% Or More
What is Diesel Exhaust Fluid?
Diesel Exhaust Fluid is the mixture of high
purity synthetic automotive grade urea and deionized
water that is used in Selective Catalytic Reduction
(SCR) systems on diesel engines.
• 32.5% High Purity Synthetic Automotive Grade Urea
• 67.5% Deionized water
• Meets ISO-22241 Quality Standard
What is Diesel Exhaust Fluid?
DEF is NOT a diesel additive.
DEF is injected into the exhaust stream via a controlled
dosing module where the water vaporizes leaving
ammonia molecules free to travel into the catalytic
converter where it reacts and neutralizes the NOx
molecules, converting it to nitrogen and water.
What Is Urea?
Urea Is A Nitrogen Compound With Many Commercial Uses:
• Fertilizer
• Animal Feed Supplement
• Production Of Adhesives And Resins
SCR Systems Use A High Quality Urea
• Currently Used In SCR Systems In The Stationary Power Generation
Mixing
Urea
Water
+
= ?
Liquid Fertilizer
Mixing
Formaldehyde-Free,
Low Biuret Urea
Deionized Water
+
32.5%
= ?
67.5%
DEF
The Difference
Between Fertilizer
And DEF …
QUALITY
DEF
DEF Quality Standards
SCR systems are sensitive to potential chemical
impurities in the urea solution. Therefore, it is
essential to maintain high standards of diesel exhaust
fluid quality and ISO standard 22241 is in place to
insure fluid quality. DEF is manufactured in
accordance to these strict standards giving you the
peace of mind you need using it in your SCR System.
Warranty Info
• Product is guaranteed to meet
ISO 22241 specifications
• API Certified
ISO Certification
ISO Standard 22241
1. Quality Requirements
2. Test Methods
3. Handling, Transportation & Storing
4. Refilling Interface
BlueDEF® Quality Standards
And
DEF
Meets ISO
Standards 22241
For Purity And
Composition
Licensed
Diesel Exhaust Fluid
• Non-Hazardous
• Non-Toxic
• Non-Flammable
• Non-Explosive
• Classified Minimum Risk For Transportation
DEF Characteristics
•
Weighs 9.1 lbs per gallon
– Heavier than Petroleum Products
– Bulk Load = 5,000 gallons
•
Will freeze below 12° F – not affected by freeze / thaw
•
Crystallization
•
“Creeping” or “Leaching”
DEF Shelf Life – Storage Temperature
• Between 40° F and 80° F is recommended to maintain shelf life.
• Above 12° F is recommended to avoid crystallization, which
starts at 11° F.
• Prolonged storage above 86° F will cause hydrolysis to occur,
with the consequent formation of ammonia and pressure rise,
and will reduce shelf life.
DEF Shelf Life at Constant Temperature
At 80°F DEF has a shelf
life of 1 YEAR!
50
45
40
Months
35
30
36
25
Months
20
15
10
5
60°F
avg.
temp
12
Months
80°F
avg.
temp
3
months
100°F
avg.
temp
120°F avg. temp
1.5
months
0
3 Important Factors About Diesel Exhaust Fluid
• Quality Of DEF Is Critical To Vehicle Performance
• Informing Market About DEF Purity Is A Must
• It Needs To Be Stored And Handled Properly
To Maintain The Quality
Impact Of Impurities In DEF when mixed
with tap water or Ag Urea
Impact Of Aldehydes, Hard Water, And Insolubles
Clogged DEF Injector
Exhaust Pipe
Clogged Catalyst
Just How Important Is Maintaining DEF Purity?
One Teaspoon Of Salt …
Will Contaminate 5,000 Gallons Of DEF
Diesel Exhaust Fluid Handling
•
•
•
Product integrity is critical.
Stored in chemical equipment, not petroleum equipment.
All wetted materials should be DEF compatible materials.
– Tanks
– Piping
– Hoses
– Nozzles
– Fittings
– Seals
Diesel Exhaust Fluid Material Compatibility
RECOMMENDED
Plastics
(polyethylene, PVC??)
Rubber
Stainless Steel
(304 & 316)
NOT RECOMMENDED
Carbon steel
Iron
Zinc
Nickel
Aluminum
Copper
Fiberglass
Epoxy Resins
Brass
Storage And Handling
Carbon Steel Tank
With Brass Valves
DEF
+
= ?
Really Expensive Liquid Fertilizer
Product Sizes
• 1 Gallon - 4 Bottles per Case
• 2.5 Gallon – 1 Bottle Per Case
• 55 Gallon Drum
• 275 Gallon Tote
• 330 Gallon Tote
• Bulk
DEF 55 Gallon Drum
• Some DEF 55 gallon drums are equipped
with a plastic EPV valve and down tube.
• To connect a dispensing system to the drum
valve, a drum dispense coupler is required.
DEF Totes
• Some DEF 275 gallon and 330 gallon totes
are equipped with a stainless steel RSV
valve and down tube.
• To connect a dispensing system to the tote
valve, a tote dispense coupler is required.
Bulk Shipments
• Truckload Quantities
• Railcars
Maintaining DEF Quality
• Quality is Assured -Batch Testing with Every Blend
• Reduction in the Quality of DEF = Damaged SCR System
• SCR System Replacement = $8,000 to $12,000
• Utilizing Proper Equipment Throughout Distribution will
– Protect DEF Integrity
– Avoid Equipment Failure
DEDICATED EQUIPMENT REQUIRED!
Crystallization and Creeping
Issue: Seals were not
designed to contain DEF
THANK YOU