Options for Near Term &
Longer Term Transitions
OZONACTION NETWORK FOR LATIN AMERICA
AND THE CARIBBEAN
OCTOBER 6-8 2010
Mexico, D.F.
Cindy Newberg, Branch Chief
Alternatives & Emissions Reduction Branch
US Environmental Protection Agency

• Context: ODS and HFCs
• Availability of Substitutes: Different Sectors at
Different Times
– Specific Examples
• SNAP
• Summary

Relationship Between Ozone Depleting
Substances and Greenhouse Gases
Ozone Depleting Substances
(Halogen Gases)
Greenhouse Gases
N
2
O
HFCs
HFC-23
HFC-134a
HFC-125
CO
2
Methyl Chloride
(CH
3
Cl)
Halons
H-1301
H-1211
Methyl Bromide
(CH
3
Br)
Carbon Tetrachloride
(CCl
4
)
Methyl Chloroform
(CH
3
CCl
3
)
CFCs
CFC-11
CFC-12
CFC-113
HCFCs
PFCs
SF
6
CH
4

• “
The ultimate choice of technology to phase-out HCFCs will be based on ozone depletion and also climate impact, health, safety, affordability and availability, as Decision XIX/6 requires”
May 2010 TEAP XXI/9 Task Force Report
Assessment Of HCFCs and Environmentally Sound Alternatives
• 2010 TEAP Progress Report
– Substitutes for many sectors and sub-sectors available
– Additional substitutes under development
– Global acceptance for alternatives strengthening
– Potential to skip higher-GWP HFC alternatives, go directly to lower GWP alternatives

Sectors Will Transition at
Different Times
• Various factors will influence speed of transition
– Domestic and regional requirements, e.g., European F-Gas rule
– Availability of alternatives
– Advanced design options that reduce charge size
– Global expansion of air-conditioning and refrigeration
– Proven technologies, ability to avoid multiple transitions
– Opportunity to focus on sectors instead of chemicals
• Examples follow

Potential Near Term Transition:
Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning
Passenger Cars and
Light Duty Trucks:
Buses and Trains:

Stand-Alone
Equipment
Condensing
Unit Systems
Multiplex Rack
Systems

Changing Chemicals Is Not Only Option
Advanced Refrigeration System Designs:
• Distributed systems & indirect systems available
– Distributed systems can lower refrigerant charge by 30–50%
– Indirect systems can lower refrigerant charge by 50–80%
• Europe: indirect systems are norm
• US: distributed systems ~40% of new installations and indirect systems are gaining significant market share
Supermarkets can reduce HFC use by changing system designs

Available & Near Term Options:
Unitary A/C
Alternatives to R-407C & R-410A:
- lower GWP HFCs, e.g., HFC-32
- HCs and CO2
- potentially HFOs, blends

How U.S. Could Meet HFC Phasedown
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2010
U.S. HFC Consumption (MMTCO
2 eq)
Known Reduction Opportunities
2020 2030 2040
700
2050
0
600
500
400
300
200
100
Mobile AC
Foams
Refrigeration
Stationary AC
Other Sectors
AC Projected
BAU
Cap
Mitigated

30
20
10
0
60
50
40
100
90
80
70
Baseline
• Makeup
– 20% Mobile AC (HFC)
– 5% Refrigeration (HFC)
– 20% Refrigeration (HCFC)
– 30% Stationary AC (HCFC)
– 20% Foam (HCFC)
– 5% Other Sectors (HCFC)
• Growth Rates:
– 10% 2010-2030 (majority of HCFC phased out)
– 1% 2030-2050 (population growth)

How Country “A” Could Meet the HFC Phasedown
Country A HFC Consumption (% of Baseline)
400 400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
0
350
300
250
200
150
100
Mobile AC
Foams
Refrigeration
Stationary AC
Other Sectors
AC Projected
BAU
Cap
Mitigated
50

Identifying Safer Alternatives
• USEPA evaluates & lists substitutes that reduce overall risk to human health & environment
• Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program reviews:
– ODP and GWP
– Flammability
– Toxicity
– Contributions to smog
– Aquatic and ecosystem effects
– Occupational health and safety
• 400+ substitutes reviewed for end uses in 8 sectors:
– Alternatives acceptable, unacceptable, or acceptable with use conditions
• Prohibited or restricted e.g., from use in occupied settings, unacceptable where safer alternatives exist for same uses

What’s Ahead for SNAP?
• SNAP evaluating substitutes that, compared to current options, offer significantly lower- or no-GWP choices
• Lower-GWP alternatives in SNAP review (examples):
– Proposed acceptable with use conditions:
• HCs for stand-alone commercial refrigeration
• HCs for residential refrigerator/freezer
• HFO-1234yf for new motor vehicle air conditioners
• CO2 for new motor vehicle air conditioners

• Suite of known alternatives, technologies, and better handling can significantly reduce HFC consumption in near and long term
• Considering HCFCs and HFCs together allows for focus on the sectors, rather than chemicals
– In some cases, may reduce need for multiple transitions
• Today there are substitutes for many sectors and subsectors available
• Additional substitutes under development
– Similar to ODS phaseout

• Thank You
• For More Information, Visit:
– U.S. EPA’s Website on Ozone Layer Depletion:
• http://www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html
– Information and analysis of Amendment Proposal including sector fact sheets:
• http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/mpagreement.html