Technology and Economic
Assessment Panel Progress Report 2012
TEAP
Medical Technical Options Committee
Essential Use Nominations
Essential Uses:
Summary for Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs)
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For Parties nominating CFCs for MDIs:
Authorized for 2012; Nominated (Recommended) for 2013 in metric tonnes.
2012
Authorized
Nominated (Recommended)
Bangladesh
40.35
-
China
532.04
446.52 (386.82)
Pakistan
24.1
-
Russian Fed.
212.0
250 (212.0)
Party
2013
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Essential Uses MDIs:
China overview
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MTOC recommends 386.82 of 446.52 tonnes nominated by China
MTOC unable to recommend:
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50 tonnes for salbutamol
9 tonnes for Traditional Chinese Medicines
0.7 tonnes for a company not undertaking active R&D for a
clenbuterol/beclomethasone/ipratropium combination
21% reduction in 2013 nomination cf. 2012; MTOC recommends 13%
less than nominated
Only for domestic use; states no export in 2013 (despite export 2012)
ODS propellants for 4 active ingredients not nominated (procaterol
hydrochloride, isoprenaline hydrochloride+guaifenesin, ipratropium,
salmeterol xinafoate)
More than 70% CFCs nominated for salbutamol
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Essential Uses MDIs:
China active R&D
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23 companies produce MDIs:
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5 companies, nominating ~75-80% of total, investing in
manufacturing equipment and/or already made progress in CFCfree inhaler registration
5 companies (~15-20%) show R&D commitment in early stages
13 companies account for <5%; 6 not nominating CFCs for 2013;
some not undertaking R+D; transition unlikely
In future years, MTOC may be unable to recommend CFCs for those
companies nominating small CFC quantities without evidence of
continued progress in R&D and phase-out
MTOC unable to recommend CFCs for a combination product
without active R&D (0.7 tonnes)
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Essential Uses MDIs:
China Salbutamol
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JingWei, China’s major salbutamol CFC MDI producer:
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Launched domestic salbutamol HFC MDI, converted half its plant
Will produce 12M salbutamol CFC MDIs, 13M HFC MDIs in 2012
Has requested 209 tonnes for 2013, (211 tonnes for 2012)
By end of 2012, JingWei’s salbutamol HFC MDI on domestic market > 12
months
ODS stockpile has increased from 83 to 114 tonnes
After CFC-free MDI is 12 months on the market, equivalent CFC
MDI can be safely withdrawn
More substantial CFC reductions, and even more HFC MDI
production, would have been expected for 2013.
MTOC recommends 50 tonnes less than nominated quantities for
salbutamol
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Essential Uses MDIs:
China - other active ingredients
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Isoprenaline
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Sodium cromoglycate
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Concern due to asthma mortality (salbutamol is better)
Reformulation only just beginning
Full clinical trial probably required, unlikely to be completed before 2016
Nominated quantities recommended, but concerns for feasibility/safety raised
Two companies in active R&D of DPIs, including one company nominating CFCs
Nominated quantities recommended because of active R&D for CFC-free inhalers
Combination products (salbutamol/ipratropium)
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CFC containing combination products remain essential until the drugs are
available in CFC-free formulations
Stability testing on alternative combination product underway
Ipratropium available as HFC MDI
CFC-free alternatives to salbutamol are not sufficiently available in China
Nominated quantities recommended
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Essential Uses MDIs:
China - other active ingredients (2)
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Dimethicone for pulmonary oedema
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Supported by anecdotal rather than scientific evidence
Clinical trial expected to be completed in June 2015
Nominated Quantity recommended
In future years, MTOC may be unable to recommend CFCs for dimethicone MDIs
without evidence of continued progress in R&D, and evidence for efficacy of
inhaled dimethicone for pulmonary oedema
Traditional Chinese Medicines
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Complex and combination CFC MDIs, with TCMs as only or partial ingredients
TCM ingredients available orally for long time, but only recently in inhaled form
Many oral and injectable TCM formulations
Evidence not found in China nominations to demonstrate improved efficacy of
TCMs in a CFC inhaler compared with oral or injectable forms
For these reasons, MTOC does not consider CFCs for TCM-containing CFC MDIs
to be essential and unable to recommend nominated quantities
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Essential Uses MDIs:
China final phase-out
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China phase-out to be completed by end of 2016
If 4 salbutamol alternatives become available in 2013, then
accelerated transition of salbutamol CFC MDI becomes feasible
Without salbutamol, future annual CFC requests will be much
smaller
China may wish to consider in next year’s nomination a future final
campaign production in 2014 to satisfy its total future essential use
requirements
May require a nomination to cover multiple years based on an
assessment of China’s total CFC requirements until phase-out
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Essential Uses MDIs: Russia
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MTOC recommends 212 of 250 tonnes nominated for salbutamol CFC MDIs
for domestic use
2 companies participating in approved GEF co-funded UNIDO project,
finishing second half 2013
6 imported CFC-free inhalers and local DPI available; price per inhaler of
local CFC MDI can be cheaper, but price per dose more expensive, than
imported products
MTOC recommends 212 tonnes, any deficit in supply can be met by CFCfree MDI imports
Russia reported that this is their last nomination
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Essential Uses MDIs: Stockpiles
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Argentina, Bangladesh, China, Pakistan and Russia reported total stocks of
~800 tonnes of pharma-grade CFCs at end of 2011
EC, India and USA had not provided accounting frameworks in January
2012 (previously reported total 1,020 tonnes at end of 2010;) nor Egypt
and Syria for 2010.
US reported in June, under Dec. XXIII/2(4), on Honeywell stocks potentially
available for export to Parties with EUEs: CFC-11 (96 t); CFC-12 (259 t);
CFC-113 (75 t). US pharma companies depleting own stockpiles to
manufacture 2 CFC MDIs until end of 2013
EC reported in July on destruction of surplus stockpile (12 t)
Accounting frameworks/stockpile information allow Parties to continue
tracking management and deployment of stockpile until depleted
Tracking and trading is particularly important in last stages of global CFC
MDI phase-out, avoiding new production
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TEAP
Chemical Technical Options Committee
Progress Report
Chemicals TOC – process agents
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Only 14 process agent uses remain in Table A (dec X/14), and
9 of them use CTC
5 process agent uses reviewed, 3 of which use CTC
Remaining uses to be reviewed for 2013
Chloroform may replace CTC in some uses associated with
chlorine production
Process agent emissions ~284 tonnes/year (~ 397,100 tonnes
CO2eq)
Chemicals TOC - feedstocks
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Further information provided on feedstocks, most often,
ODS → ODS, but some ODS are transformed into polymers,
pharmaceuticals or pesticides
Production for feedstocks 1,016,697 tonnes (= 433,188 ODP
tonnes)
Emissions from feedstock and process agent are 5083 tonnes
(= 2166 ODP tonnes).
In facilities reviewed, CTC used in production of vinyl chloride
monomer (VCM) is feedstock, not process agent. Recent
response from US, response from other Party producing VCM
with CTC awaited
Chemicals TOC – other issues
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No new information on n-propyl bromide
No new information on plasma arc destruction of methyl
bromide
Destruction trials going ahead should provide information on
destruction efficiency (DE) and destruction & removal
efficiency (DRE)
Recommended 95 tonnes CFC-113 for Russian Federation
EUN; phase out by 2016 expected
A new CFC, RC-316, is being investigated by the Russian
Federation. Its ODP is not yet estimated
Chemicals TOC – lab & analytical uses
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Standard (or other reliable) methods are available to replace
ODS (especially CTC) in analytical uses
Alternatives coming into use, reported at regional meetings
CTOC members assisting with direct advice to ozone officers
and analysts
Alternatives still lacking for some laboratory uses
Green Chemistry movement opposes use of CTC
Chemicals TOC – CTC discrepancy
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Unresolved discrepancy between ‘top down’ and ‘bottom up’
estimates of CTC emissions
Questioning of estimates, stratospheric lifetime of CTC and
undetected sources
Measurements of city air in several countries reveal low but
ongoing CTC concentrations
This could be emissions from ‘undetected sources’.
Science Panel and TEAP experts will confer during OEWG
TEAP
Foams Technical Options Committee
Progress Report
FTOC Progress Report - Transitions
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HCFC phase-out in the foams sector remains a key element
of Phase 1 HPMP compliance strategies
Some foam sub-sectors (e.g. PU Spray Foam & XPS) are more
challenging and will be part of Phase 2 HPMP strategies in the
post-2015 period when more technologies will be available
Phase-out of HCFCs at a large number of small enterprises
spread across a range of developing countries is a challenge
It is hoped to accomplish this phase-out at these small
enterprises largely through umbrella projects based around
systems houses
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FTOC Progress Report - Transitions (2)
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Identification of ODS blowing agents imports within fully
formulated polyols will be a critical part of effective phase-out
The impact of blowing agent on reaction-to-fire of foam
products remains a key factor in the selection of alternatives
Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs (marketed as HFOs) are attracting
real interest in developed countries for their high thermal
efficiency
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FTOC Progress Report - ODS Banks
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In developed countries, short-lived foam products (e.g. refrigerators)
entering the waste stream are typically no longer based on ODS
This trend reduces the ODP- and GWP-weighted impact of blowing
agents in typical waste streams and lowers the cost effectiveness of
recovery in climate terms
For longer-lived products, the cost effectiveness from a climate
perspective can be better than for the short-lived products because of
higher ODS content in the relevant waste streams even though the
‘per kg’ cost of recovery is higher
The overall economic case for recovery of building foams is still highly
dependent on the baseline segregation practices deployed at national
level
The incentive for foam recovery projects has been reduced by the
impact of low carbon prices on carbon financing options
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TEAP
Halons Technical Options Committee
Progress Report
HTOC Progress Report (1)
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Development continues on pyrotechnic products to generate
nitrogen or mixtures of nitrogen and water vapour, with little
particulate content, for use in total flooding applications
The development and testing of the unsaturated HBFC-3,3,3trifluoro-2-bromo-prop-1-ene (2-BTP) for use as a halon 1211
replacement in aviation continues
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Values for ODP (0.005) and 100-year GWP (0.003) have been
published
The agent has passed required aviation minimum performance
tests, and toxicology testing should be completed in 2012
Non-corrosive and low toxicity water-based agents, which
employ multiple additives to achieve a very low freezing point
(-70o C) continue to be evaluated
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HTOC Progress Report (2)
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An aerosol (non-pyrotechnic) is being commercialised for
aircraft engine nacelle and auxiliary power unit applications
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Halon 1301 (CF3Br) continues to be produced in China and
France for use as a feedstock in the manufacture of the
pesticide Fipronil. Production appears to be steady
Indian halon users have sufficient supplies of halons 1301 and
1211 from internal and international recycling companies
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All required tests have been passed
Full scale aircraft engine demonstration is planned for 2012
Halon 2402 is no longer in short supply as it is being obtained
from shipbreaking in India
In China, halons recovered from decommissioned equipment
are no longer considered as hazardous wastes
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HTOC Progress Report (3)
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Approximately 1900 tonnes of halon 1211, produced before
2006, remains in China.
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China’s use is about 20 tonnes per year
Despite the shortage of halon 1211 globally, it is unclear to HTOC
whether this material can be exported in bulk
Parties may wish to consider ways to clarify this situation
Low throughput has proven to be problematic to halon
recycling and banking in the Middle East
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Only Jordan’s bank is still operating but may not be sustainable in
the long term.
Parties may wish to consider notifying the regional network of ozone
officers to consider the establishment of regional banking
arrangements to ensure adequate supplies of halons for the region
This approach may also be viable for other regions facing similar
challenges
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HTOC Progress Report (4)
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The HTOC continued to work with the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) on relevant changes to the
Annexes of the Convention On International Civil Aviation
Amendments to Annex 6, Parts I, II and III became applicable
on 15th December 2011 to require halon alternatives for:
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Lavatory fire extinguishing systems for in-production aircraft with an
implementation date of 31st December 2011
Hand-held extinguishers for in-production aircraft with an
implementation date of 31st December 2016
Amendments to Annex 8 became applicable on 31st December
2011 to require halon alternatives for:
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Engines and auxiliary power unit fire extinguishing systems for newly
designed aircraft with an implementation date of 31 December 2014
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TEAP
Methyl Bromide Technical Options
Committee
Progress Report
Global consumption for controlled uses
Aggregate global consumption was about 10% of the baseline in 2010
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Remaining Challenges in non-A5 Parties
countries: Preplant soil use (1)
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Key Chemical Alternatives
 Some fumigant combinations (Pichlor 60, Pic Plus) and
new combinations of old fumigants continue to replace MB
for critical uses. Sales of the chemical alternative methyl
iodide were suspended by the manufacturer in the US and
NZ. Registration was withdrawn in Australia
 More research is needed to determine whether application
methods or ineffectiveness of alternatives are contributing
to the reported re-emergence of previously controlled
pathogens e.g. Macrophomina and Fusarium on strawberry
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Remaining Challenges in non-A5 Parties
Preplant soil use (2)
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Non chemical alternatives continue to expand worldwide
despite some problems:
 In Italy, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is
an emerging bacterial disease which could be aggravated
by the use of susceptible hybrids and rootstocks
 Constraints on soilless culture may include lack of
identification of suitable local substrates, and the
vulnerability of the system to soil borne pathogens attack
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Remaining Challenges in non-A5 Parties
Preplant soil use (3)
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Information on economic infeasibility of alternatives is
required to support any further critical use nominations
Nursery uses are the most significant remaining use for MB .
More studies are required to determine the equivalency of
alternatives to MB in their ability to mitigate risk for
certification
One Party classifies MB under QPS for production of stock
plants while all other Parties classify MB use in this sector as
non-QPS
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Regional MB consumption
for controlled uses by A5 Parties
Phase-out with respect to
regional baselines
• Latin America 55%
• Africa 90%
• Asia 84%
• Eastern Europe 100%
* Previously CEIT
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Main challenges for all uses in A5 Parties
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MB phase-out over the next two years is important as to
comply with the phase-out date for controlled uses of 1
January 2015
In many A5 Parties, MB phase-out has already been achieved
mainly with support from MLF-funded projects. The projects
have identified many non-chemical and chemical alternatives,
which are economically and technically feasible
Suitable alternatives to MB are more difficult to adopt for a
small number of crops produced by both A5 and non-A5
Parties (e.g. some vegetables, some ornamentals, strawberry
runners)
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Structures and Commodities progress report (1)
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Regulatory status of sulfuryl fluoride (SF), a key
alternative to MB:
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There is still no approval for use on packaged rice in
Australia
No food tolerance in Canada
The US continues to collect comments concerning
proposed changes to SF food tolerance; in the meantime
tolerances remain the same
The EU has increased the list of foods which may be SF
treated
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Structures and Commodities progress report (2)
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Special report on recapture of MB from grape fumigation
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Following incidents of MB poisoning in imported grape
fumigation chambers in California, new types of recapture
equipment were developed and commercialized to operate
effectively in new conditions
The new recapture equipment, combined with aeration
and transport changes allowed continued import of grapes
and worker safety following MB treatment against
quarantine pests
US regulatory authorities are monitoring MB emissions and
worker safety
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Structures and Commodities progress report (3)
Special report on
Adoption of controlled atmosphere (CA) and modified
atmosphere (MA) – rapid widespread commercial use of
large chambers for food and non-food commodities
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Widespread use of CA or MA in storage bags –
suitable for on-farm applications in both A5 and non-A5
Parties
CA for quarantine is in initial stages
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TEAP
Refrigeration, AC and Heat Pumps
Technical Options Committee
Progress Report
Refrigerants and domestic refrigeration
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Five new refrigerants obtained standard designations since
end 2010: R-407F, R-442A, R-511A, R-512A, R-1234ze(E)
Focus continues on both HFCs and non halogenated
candidates, with emphasis on low or very low GWP
Flammable refrigerants are capturing an increasing share of
research, development, and market share than in the past
In domestic refrigeration, HFC-134a and HC-600a continue
to be the preferred refrigerant options for new production
New product development focuses on improved energy
efficiency with e.g. variable speed compressors and vacuum
insulation
Initial efforts to replace HFC-134a by HFC-1234a have begun
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Commercial and large size refrigeration
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Refrigerants for HCFC-22 replacement as diverse as
hydrocarbons (HC-600a and HC-290), R-744, intermediate
blends (for drop in or nearly drop-in of HCFC-22) and HFC-134a
and R-404A are in competition depending on the emphasis set
on GWP, safety and energy efficiency
Except for HC-290 (limited use in large systems due to safety
concerns) there is a lack of low GWP refrigerants with large
refrigeration capacity to replace R-404A or HCFC-22 in single
stage systems
Where regulations prohibit R-717 or limit its charge, cascade R744 systems or secondary fluids have been used
Commercialized HFCs are poor alternatives to HCFC-22 in larger
systems
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Transport refrigeration
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At least two global manufacturers have started a field test of
marine and trailer refrigeration units with R-744
Hydrocarbons continue to be field tested in refrigerated trucks
and home delivery vans in the UK and Germany
Applications of unsaturated fluorocarbons (HFC-1234yf) are
being explored as well; however, no prototype equipment has
been revealed to date
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Air conditioners
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Most Article 5 Parties continue to utilise HCFC-22 as the
predominant refrigerant for AC, although several have
initiated actions to introduce non ODS refrigerants
HC-290 is being used to replace HCFC-22 in low charge
applications; it is anticipated that HFC-32, R-744 and possibly
HFC-161 (GWP=12) will be used in the future
Air conditioners using R-410A and R-407C are widely available
in Article 5 Parties. Equipment using R-410A is also being
manufactured in some Article 5 Parties, especially in China
having a large export market
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Heat pumps and chillers
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HFC-134a and HFC blends R-407C / R-410A are currently used
for new water and space heating heat pumps
Additional refrigerant options for new heat pumps include
HFC-32 and the refrigerants HFC-1234yf and HFC-1234ze and
blends with these refrigerants
Continuing trend in chiller development is to improve full load
and seasonal energy efficiency to address global warming
impact, building energy regulations etc.
Chiller alternative refrigerants include R-717, hydrocarbons,
R-744, HFC-32 and new low GWP HFCs
Testing for low GWP HFCs is now underway
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Vehicle air conditioning
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The decision for HFC-1234yf as the new refrigerant for car
and light truck AC considered regulatory approval, energy
efficiency, costs, system reliability and servicing
The pace of the introduction of HFC-1234yf in AC units in
new cars is uncertain due to a number of issues including
refrigerant costs, availability, and patent disputes
The future refrigerant for bus and rail AC is not yet
determined. On one hand, R-744 seems to be well suited.
On the other, it would not be surprising if HFC-1234yf were
selected similar as in car AC
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TEAP and TOC
Organisational Issues
TEAP Membership
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In April 2012, 14 of 22 TEAP members were from non-Article 5
Parties, 7 from Article 5 Parties, and 1 from a former Country
with Economy In Transition (CEIT)
There are about 150 members of TEAP and its six TOCs, with
about a third from Article 5 Parties
In 2011 Parties approved Keiichi Ohnishi as CTOC Co-Chair and
Masaaki Yamabe as a Senior Expert Member
2012 TEAP Members
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Stephen O. Andersen, USA
Paul Ashford, UK
Mohamed Besri, Morocco
Biao Jiang, PRC
David V. Catchpole, UK
Sergey Kopylov, Russia
Lambert Kuijpers, Netherlands
Bella Maranion, USA
Michelle Marcotte, Canada
Alistair McGlone, UK
Keiichi Ohnishi, Japan
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Roberto de A. Peixoto, Brazil
Marta Pizano, Colombia
Jose Pons-Pons, Venezuela
Ian Porter, Australia
Miguel Quintero, Colombia
Ian D. Rae, Australia
Helen Tope, Australia
Daniel P. Verdonik, USA
Ashley Woodcock, UK
Masaaki Yamabe, Japan
Shiqiu Zhang, PRC
Funding of TEAP and TOC Members
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The Montreal Protocol Trust Fund pays travel expenses of
members from Article 5 Parties to TEAP, TOC, and Task Force
meetings
Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Germany, Japan, Spain,
Sweden, United Kingdom, United States, and the European
Commission sponsor travel and/or consulting expenses of
some members from non-Article 5 Parties
Other members from non-Article 5 Parties are sponsored by
companies, industry associations, and other NGOs
Consequences of Inadequate Funding
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TEAP and TOCs can only recruit experts from non-Article 5
Parties who can arrange their own financing, with the risk of
biasing the membership to the views of organizations with
enough interest to sponsor participation
In 2012, MBTOC sub-committees met in parallel at two
locations to minimize travel expense, MTOC met without
many of its members from non-Article 5 Parties, and FTOC
met after the TEAP meeting at a conference where its
members from non-Article 5 Parties were otherwise
sponsored
Minority Reports
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In 2012 TEAP received and published one minority report
questioning CUN recommendations and MBTOC procedures
TEAP responded in a text box
TEAP Decision XXIII/10 Task Force report highlights the need
to address TEAP’s internal process for handling minority views
appropriately
Thank you
M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 2 m e e t i n g, 2 3 - 2 7 J u l y 2 0 1 2, B a n g k o k
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