Operation and Maintenance
of
Rural Water Supply Facilities
in Sub-Saharan Africa
For Public Relations
1
Operation and Maintenance
of
Rural Water Supply Facilities
in Sub-Saharan Africa
For Public Relations
2
Adoption of Appropriate Technologies
Rural Water Supply Project in Sub-Saharan Africa
Problems in current technologies
Costly mechanical borehole drilling (especially for shallow groundwater)
Many hand pump types are repairable on community
level but setting up of a spare
Murama TA, Rwanda
parts supply chain is difficult due to the unproductiveness of the work in many
countries and the need to import spare parts and consumables.
Operation and maintenance of a treatment plant with rapid filtration is costly
because of needs for chemicals and skilled operators for appropriate adjustment.
For rural water supply in developing countries, adoption of “appropriate
technologies” with the following advantages compared to the
current
technologies
Mtuwara
District,
Tanzania
is expected.
・ Suitable to the local conditions
・ Use of the locally available resources
・ Limited initial investment, and possible fast diffusion with a small budget
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・ Low cost on O & M, and high sustainability
Adoption of Appropriate Technologies
– Promotion of Rope Pump with Improved Traditional Well
Ethiopia: Water Sector Capacity Improvement Project in SNNP State
Characteristics
• Prevention of water contamination
• Low production, setting up and repair costs
• Easy manufacture, construction and
maintenance
• Materials from users’ own backyards
• Practicable coupling with traditional well
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Technical Issues
• Inefficient for deep wells
• Limited discharge; suitable
for around 100 users or less
• Difficult quality control
against counterfeit
Adoption of Appropriate Technologies
- Treatment with Slow Sand Filtration Slow sand filtration : treatment system of low cost and easy operation
Sierra Leone: Project for Improvement of Water Supply System in Kambia District
Rapid Sand
Filtration System
Destroyed
during the
Civil War
Acceptable
Water Quality
Skilled
operators and
constant
dosing of
chemicals are
required
“Slow Sand
Filtration System”
Easy O&M
Low cost treatment
Sustainable under New
Local Government
Slow Sand Filtration Pond and Pump
House, Rokpur Treatment Plant
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Through this project, approximately 11,000
people are benefited with safe water supply.
The development of Slow Sand Filtration
System to the other towns is being planned.
This way of switching purification system is
considered to be a national standard for
rehabilitation of town water supply system.
Need for Water Rate System to Spread
Rural Water Supply Project in Sub-Saharan Africa
Cost Recovery as a Rule – Users’ Responsibility to Bear the O & M Cost
- For Hand pumps: costs for replacement of parts, repair of breakdown,
renewal of hand pump, etc.
- For Piped Water System: operation cost (power/fuel, repair), personnel cost
Delay of fee collection causes stoppage of water supply, and this situation
→ Makes users return to previous, unsafe and far water sources;
→ Leads to health problems, such as an outbreak of cholera; and
→ Deprive the opportunities of productive activities and schooling due to the
needs to fetch water from a distant source.
Why water rate is not firmly established?
 No awareness of the necessity to
pay on the part of the people
 Mistrust on fee collection and
financial management
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Projects towards:
•
Motivation to pay for water
•
Enhancement of
management capacity
Spreading Water Rate System
Motivation to Pay Water Fee with Hygiene Education
Senegal: Project for Safe Drinking Water and Community Activities (PEPTAC)
Improve Sustainability of O & M
Encourage Willingness to Pay for O & M
Improve Users’ Hygiene Consciousness
Conduct Hygiene Education for Users
Development of educational tools and
sharing them with other donors – picture
story in local languages -
Intelligible hygiene education with
picture-story in local language
(Senegal)
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Making the community aware of the
importance of paying for the use of facility
through a trial calculation of economic losses,
such as the cost of medical treatment as a
result of drinking unsafe water.
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Spreading Water Rate System
Capacity Development for Financial Management
Rwanda: Project for Improvement of Water and Sanitation in Eastern Province
(PURA-SANI)
Setting Rate
Fee Collection
Capacity Development
of Tap Manager for
Reliable fee collection
Periodic money transfer
with reporting
Users’
Independent
O&M
Financial Management / Investment
Capacity Development of
treasures in Water Users’
Associations
Controlling Water
Supply Cost
Smooth and
Transparent Fee
Collection
Tap managers collect water
fee by the container at the
public taps
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Reliable Financial
Management
Collected money is regularly
transferred on the fixed day
of a week
Training for Treasurers
- Keeping records and evidences
of payment following the manual
for bookkeeping
- Reporting monthly
Maintenance of Hand Pumps
Rural Water Supply Project in Sub-Saharan Africa
Operation & Maintenance of
Borehole with hand pump
Why it has not been sustainable?
No repair technician nearby
No outlet of spare parts available
near the users
No support from the government
for isolated villages
Limited government capacity to
support communities
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Proactive Approaches in JICA’s Projects
Capacity Building of Local Mechanics
Training, keeping and improvement
of technical skills
Monitoring of the tool kit leasing
system to prevent worn-out or losing
tools
Setting up Spare Parts Supply Chain
Training and establishment of
outlets
Improved sustainability through
the provision of seed stock to create
the revolving fund
Strengthening Cooperation among
Local Government, Communities
and Local Mechanics
Qualification and validation of
technical skills and performance
Maintenance of Hand Pumps
Project for the Sustainable Operation and Maintenance for Rural Water Supply (SOMAP)
The Project has wholly supported the O & M component of the National Rural Water Supply
Programme , developed Guidelines and a Manual, and demonstrated their effectiveness in Zambia.
Spare Parts Supply Chain
 Establishment of Spare Parts Supply Chain
 Set up spare parts outlets at Commercial Utilities
for the rural town water supply
 Provision of seed stock parts to create the revolving
fund
Revolving Fund
Spare Parts Wholesaler
⑤Parts
Parts
④Pay
Spare Parts Outlets
(Commercial Utilities for
Town Water Supply or
District Offices)
⑥
：Payment
⑦
③
Community
②
①
Seed Stock
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Spare Parts Outlet established under
SOMAP Project (Mumbwa, Zambia)
PROJECT (SOMAP)
Sensitisation
Maintenance of Hand Pumps
Training of Mechanics and Monitoring Their Performances through Tools Lending
System
Project for the Sustainable Operation and Maintenance for Rural Water Supply (SOMAP)
Introducing New Management System and
Training under the Project
Issues on Area Pump Menders
 Keeping the necessary technical level
 Wear and tear or loss of repair tools
makes the repair work impossible
 Lending tool kits to area pump menders from
the storage at the Area Health Center. Monitoring
their performance through submitted records.
Repair
 Development of the SOMAP Model, which
combines the repair work with a spare parts
supply chain.
Community
Sensitisation
Area Pump Mender (APM)
Report
on Repair
Lending
Tool Kit
Area Development
Committee (A D C)
Training /Orientation
PROJECT (SOMAP)
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District
Council
Training
Licensing to Trained Pump Mechanics
Project for Promotion of Sustainability in Rural Water Supply,
Hygiene and Sanitation in Zambezia Province, Mozambique
Re-training /
Cancellation
Training of
Mechanics
ID Card for
Licensed
Mechanic
District /
Region
Mechanic
Validity: 1 year
<System>
Three Way
Agreement
Community
Allocation of
mechanics based on
the community list
No
Proper
Perform
ance?
Yes
Extension of Validity:
2 years
 Issuance of licenses carrying a validity period to mechanics
 Extension of license or re-training based on the evaluated performance
 Coordination among LGAs (District/ Region), communities and
mechanics (Three-way Agreement)
<Performance>
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 Improvement of skills of mechanics
 Enhancement of the O & M system and improvement of the monitoring
capacity of LGAs (District / Region)