2008of
Post-Harvest Handling and Marketing
African Indigenous Vegetables
Global
Strategic
Planning
•Author
•Ojiewo C
•Guga Y.
•Image here
•Tenkouano A.
•Yang RY
www.avrdc.org
2008
AVRDC In Africa….since 1992
Uzbekistan
Korea
Syria?
Honduras?
Mali
Global
Strategic
Planning
India Laos
Niger
Taiwan
Vietnam
Thailand
Cameroon
Tanzania
Madagascar
www.avrdc.org
Indonesia
Solomon
Islands
Vegetable R&D in Africa
2008
Global
Strategic
Planning
Collaborative Network for Vegetable Research and
Development in Eastern and Southern Africa (CONVERDS,
SADC)
focus on human resource development and networking for
delivery of promising products and techniques – about 6000
alumni from 30+ countries
assembly of diverse array of indigenous vegetables – about
2000 accessions
Light structure - basic field facilities and small research team
www.avrdc.org
Achievements – Variety releases
Crop
Tomato
Varieties released
17
(Kiboko, Meru, Tanya, Tengeru 97, Little
Cherry, Creeper, Big Red, Xin, Mbambande,
Khama, Xin, Samtom 13, Samtom 14, Samtom
15, MST20/13, Xina, Tropiva 3)
Vegetable
soybean
African
eggplant
Okra
4
Country
Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Mauritius,
Cape Verde, Nigeria, Senegal,
Seychelles, Democratic Republic of
Congo, Malawi
Sudan, Zimbabwe, Mauritius
(Edamame1, VSS1, VSS2, <AGS292>)
2
Tanzania
(Tengeru White, DB3)
1
Tanzania, Uganda
(ARP1, BARI Dhirosh)
African
nightshade
Cowpea
2008
(BEN, BKF, CIV, GAM, MLI, SNL)
1
Kenya
(Giant Nightshade)
1
Kenya
(Tumaini)
Pepper
4
Global
Strategic
Planning
Senegal, Ghana, South Africa
(F1 Forever, Remington, CRI-Shito Adope, CRIMakoNtoos)
www.avrdc.org
Major national impacts: Tanzania
2008
Global
Strategic
Planning
Increasing productivity over the
past 7 years due to new lines/
varieties by AVRDC – The World
Vegetable Center and NARS
partners (MAFS, 2005)
+ 40%
www.avrdc.org
Going Further to Deliver - Working Hypothesis
2008
Global
Strategic
Planning
No or little access to improved varieties
and foundation seed thereof has been a major
impediment to the development of a viable
private vegetable seed industry in Sub-Sahara
Africa
Use our Science
and Networks
Develop and Promote a
Vegetable Business Route
to Health and Wealth
www.avrdc.org
Seeds Systems and Other Vegetable R&D Thrusts 2008
Efficient & Safe
Production
Seed Certification
Variety Release
Variety
Development
Seed Systems
Markets (Consumers – Nutrition & Health)
www.avrdc.org
Global
Strategic
Planning
Alpha Seeds
TAN
Kibo Seeds
East Africa Seeds
Simlaw Seeds
Victoria Seeds
Fica Seeds
MDG
Pristine Seeds
Dengo Seeds
SEEDFAS
MLI
CAM
SEMANA (Tropicasem)
G.M.R
Semagri - Technisem
Mali Semences
(Tropicasem)
FASO KABA
www.avrdc.org
Tomato
Okra
Jute
Mallow
Crotalaria
Onion
Sw & Hot
Pepper
Cabbage
2008
Testing
Cowpea
Seed Company
Spiderplant
Hub
Amaranth
Afr.
Eggplant
Nighshade
Eth.
Mustard
Roselle
Partner Seed Companies
Selling
Global
Strategic
Not Involved
Planning
Untapped Opportunities
2008
• 75% of all seed companies in Asia sell
varieties which include some
germplasm originating from AVRDC
• African seed companies being
supported for selection, breeding and
seed production
Alfa Seed Co (Tanzania, South Africa)
East African Seed Co (Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda)
Kibo Seed Co (Tanzania)
Mt. Elgon Seed Co (Uganda)
SeedCo (Zimbabwe, Malawi)
Simlaw Seed Co (Kenya)
Tropicasem (Senegal)
Victoria Seed Co (Uganda)
www.avrdc.org
Seed Sales in West Africa
(11.4 Million Euro per Year)
EUR UN
NO. AM
M EAST
ASIA
SO. AM
OTHERS
Global
Strategic
Planning
Economic Value of Vegetables
2008
(Kakamega market, Kenya)
Produce Category
Types of
produce
Type of
merchant
Quantity
(%)
Value
Cereals
4
M2
6
8
Roots/Tubers
6
M2+M1
18
14
Grain Legumes
2
M2
17
23
Oil crops
4
M2
4
12
Fruits
12
M2+M1
5
5
Exotic vegetables
10
M2+M1
44
32
ALVs
10
F+M1
6
6
TOTAL
48
-
100
100
(%)
Source: Onyango, 2002
www.avrdc.org
Global
Strategic
Planning
Contribution of Vegetables to Exports2008
(Kenya,2006)
Commodity
Production
(Ha)
Export
Volumes
(Kgs)
Export Values
(Billion Kshs)
Flowers
2,424
86,480
23,561
Vegetables
222,731
61,348
17,823
Fruits
152,522
15,405
1,737
Total
377,677
163,233
43,120
www.avrdc.org
Global
Strategic
Planning
Global
Strategic
Planning
2008
Yearly Cost of compliance with GlobalGAP standards
Cost incurred by individual farmer
Requirement
Application as a legal business
& for water permit per year
Toilet and bathroom
Cost incurred by exporter per farmer
Cost (KSh)
1,600
12,500
Requirement
Internal audits
Cost (KSh)
530
Pre audits (paid once)
1,250
Grading shed
1,500
Certification audits
1,650
Fertilizer & chemical store
7,500
Capacity building
2,333
Waste & pesticide disposal pit
3,250
MRLs testing
Charcoal cooler
1,500
Water analysis
28
875
Office
667
Soil analysis
28
First aid kit
900
Organic fertilizer test
33
Sprayer equipments
6,575
Harvesting buckets
195
Record keeping
420
Total
36,607
(508 US$)
Quality controller salary
Technical assistant salary
Total
www.avrdc.org
417
1,250
8,394
(115 US$)
2008
Global
Strategic
Planning
For farmers near
cities, it is difficult
to find a reliable
but unpolluted
water source thus
compromising
vegetable
consumer health
www.avrdc.org
2008
Health risk reduction is possible at critical control
points
• Typical faecal coliform concentration on wastewaterirrigated lettuce in Ghana: 106 to 107
per 100 gm of fresh lettuce
• Improved practices can reduce at the:
– Farm level:
– Market level:
– Kitchen level:
2 - 4 log units of E. coli
≥ 1 log units
2 - 3 log units
• And also
– Farm level: 50 - 80% of the worm eggs
www.avrdc.org
Global
Strategic
Planning
2008
•Peri-urban Vegetable Production
Global
Strategic
Planning
•Addressing important issues:
• Job creation
• Reduced seasonality
• Safer vegetables for consumers
• Improved marketing systems
www.avrdc.org
2008
Aflatoxin B1 levels in different grades of chilli samples
from AP South India
Sample
grade
(chilli)
Number
analyzed
Grade 1
42
21
16
3
1
1
0
Grade 2
38
13
10
6
3
4
2
Grade 3
44
3
21
4
3
2
11
Cold
store
15
12
2
0
1
0
0
Powders
43
26
12
1
0
3
1
Global
Strategic
Planning
No. of samples with aflatoxin B1 in the range
(g/kg)
0
<10
11-30
www.avrdc.org
31-30
51-100
>100
Sources of Indigenous Vegetables
• Home gardens
main source in
Eastern Africa
• But: in Tanzania
20% purchased
(rural sample!)
www.avrdc.org
2008
Global
Strategic
Planning
•
Relative importance of IV in total food
expenditure
2008
In Eastern Africa
relative
importance of IV
decreases with
increasing food
expenditures
• Important food
source for the
very poor
www.avrdc.org
Global
Strategic
Planning
•African eggplant in local markets
www.avrdc.org
2008
Global
Strategic
Planning
•African Leafy vegetables in Informal Markets2008
www.avrdc.org
Global
Strategic
Planning
•High Value Markets
2008
•A. Nightshade and amaranth
www.avrdc.org
Global
Strategic
Planning
Drying methods affects Carotenoid content in African
2008
nightshades
Content (ug/g dry wt)
700
Freeze dry
a a
600
Boiling
a
500
Oven dry
b
400
300
200
100
Global
Strategic
Planning
a
a
c
Sun dry
a
b
a
bb
e
c d
Sun dry/ shade
a
b
c c d
0
β-Carotene
Lutein
Violaxanthin
www.avrdc.org
Neoxanthin
2008
•Transport
www.avrdc.org
Global
Strategic
Planning
2008
Global
Strategic
Planning
A Lack of Post-harvest storage & processing:
Up to 50% of vegetable crops are lost from field to shelf
www.avrdc.org
2008
Micronutrient contents of selected
commonly consumed and indigenous vegetables
Global
Strategic
Planning
•Data source: AVRDC
Nutrition Lab
•Ranges: including >100
vegetable species
Ranges
Tomato
Cabbage
Moringa
Amaranth
Aibika
Sweet
potato
leaf
b-Carotene,mg
0.0 - 22
0.40
0.00
15.28
9.23
5.11
6.82
Vit C, mg
1.1 - 353
19
22
459
113
82
81
Vit E, mg
0.0 - 71
1.16
0.05
25.25
3.44
4.51
4.69
Iron, mg
0.2 – 26
0.54
0.30
10.09
5.54
1.40
1.88
Folates, g
2.8 – 175
5
ND
93
78
177
39
Antioxidant
activity, TE
0.6 82,000
323
496
2858
394
560
870
www.avrdc.org
Important Indigenous Vegetable Crops in Africa
Jute mallow
(Corchorus olitorius)
Pumpkin
(Curcubita pepo)
Spider-plant
(Gynandropsis gynandra)
Ethiopian mustard
(Brassica carinata)
2008
Global
Strategic
Planning
African eggplant
Amaranth
(Solanum aethiopicum) (Amaranthus cruentus)
Moringa
(Moringa Olifera)
www.avrdc.org
Sunhemp
(Crotolaria ochroleuca)
Precursors - Nutritional Kits
2008
Global
Strategic
Planning
Awareness & Promotion:
Training in growing, processing,
preservation and cooking
Tanzania (2007) - 8000 seed packs
distributed
Home Gardens (6 m x 6 m):
170 to 250 kg of vegetables produced
over a year
Seed Production:
28 seed companies in ESA engaged
alongside AVRDC
www.avrdc.org
African Vegetable Dishes --Nutrition Improved Recipes
www.avrdc.org
2008
Global
Strategic
Planning
Need for quality control post harvest
2008
 Inadequate
grading
 Inadequate
washing
 Inadequate
packaging
 Lack of cold
storage
 Lack of
essential
infrastructure
www.avrdc.org
Global
Strategic
Planning
2008
Global
Strategic
Planning
Improving food supply by reducing postharvest loss
Reducing postharvest
losses for fresh produce
is an integral part of
sustainable agricultural
development
Percentage of funding provided for
horticultural development efforts
over the past 30 years
95%
•Source: Kader and Rolle 2004
Increasing
production
www.avrdc.org
5%
Reducing
postharvest
loss
Value Chains ….. also a Chain of Values
Safe Production
(GAP)
$$
$$
Healthy Living
High return (Income, Social
Capital) on investment (Labor,
Time, Water, Land, Inputs)
www.avrdc.org
2008
Global
Strategic
Planning
2008
www.avrdc.org
Global
Strategic
Planning