Prof. Chan King Ming
Associate Professor
Dept. of Biochemistry and
Environmental Science Program
Chinese University
email: kingchan@cuhk.edu.hk
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CONTENTS 內容:
1. Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse
Effect 碳循環及温室效應
2. The Impacts of Global Warming
全球暖化的影响
3. Kyoto Protocol 京都協定
4. Act now ! 立即行動!
An Inconvenient
Truth
http://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=0
XMn_Ry3z6M
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http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_3_1.htm
Q1 What factors have
contributed to surface
temperatures of planets?
1. Carbon Cycle &
Green House
Effects 碳循環
及温室效應
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1. Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Effect
碳循環及温室效應
Atmospheric
Sources 排 放 來 源 :
1. Burning of
fossil fuels and
organic matters
燃燒化石燃料和
有機物質
CO2
大氣中的二氧化碳
Sinks (Carbon
Fixation) 碳 固 定 :
1. Photosynthesis
光合作用
2. Uptake by ocean
海洋吸收
2. Respiration
呼吸作用
Other forms of carbon
deposits, e.g. coral,
cellulose. 碳存在於珊瑚
及纤維中
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Major sources of
greenhouse gases:
burning of fossil fuels,
e.g. vehicle and power
plant emissions.
温室氣體主要來自燃烷
化石燃料: 汽車及發電廠
排放。
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温室氣體
Green House
Gas
温室氣體
Concentration
濃度
AD 1800- 2000
Anthropogenic
sources
人造來源
GWP,
Global
Warming
Potential
暖化潛能
Proportion of
total (%)
佔總量比例
Carbon dioxide 280 – 370 ppm
二氧化碳
Fossil fuel
化石燃料
1
60 %
Methane
甲烷
0.75 – 1.75 ppm
Agriculture & fuel
leakage
農業及燃料洩漏
21
20 %
Halocarbons
鹵化碳
0 – 0.7 ppb
Refrigerants
雪種
3400+
14 %
Nitrous oxide
氧化氮
275-310 ppb
Agriculture combustion 310
農作物燃燒
Ozone
臭氧
15 (?)– 20/30
ppb
Urban pollution
城市污染
6%
Reference:
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=516&terms=carbon+emission+and+coal
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Downloaded on Nov 24, 2009.
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Rank, country
2006 Annual Emission, billion metric tons
(tons per capita) 年排放, 十仡 公 噸 (人均噸數)
% total in
2006
World 全球
28.43 billion metric tons (4.2 tons per capita)
100 %
1.China 中國
6.10 bmt (4.6 tpc, 6.0 tpc for HK)
21.5
2. US 美國
5.75 bmt (19.0 tpc)
20.2
13.91 bmt (7.8 tpc)
13.8
3. Russia 俄國
1.56 bmt (11.0 tpc)
5.5
4. India 印度
1.51 bmt (1.3 tpc)
5.3
5. Japan 日本
1.29 bmt (10.1 tpc)
4.6
6. Germany 德國
0.81 bmt (9.8 tpc)
2.8
7. United Kingdom 英國
0.56 bmt (9.2 tpc)
2.0
8. Canada 加拿大
0.54 bmt (16.1 tpc)
1.9
9. South Korea 南韓
0.47 bmt
(9.8 tpc)
1.7
10. Italy 意大利
0.47 bmt
(7.9 tpc)
1.7
European Union 歐盟
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions
Downloaded on Nov 26, 2009, according to International Energy data.
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4℃
–8℃
surge
in this
century
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2. The Impacts of global Warming
全球暖化的影响
北極 Arctic 1979
Arctic perennial sea ice has been
diminishing at a rate of 9% per decade.
The ice of frozen freshwater on Greenland
melts to dilute and lower the salinity of
the arctic ocean. This would have
significant effects (slower or stop) on the
ocean conveyor.
Ice from land
could raise
sea level
Reduced ice
from ocean
changes
currents
北極 Arctic 2003
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How would the climate change if the Gulf Stream shut down?
A shut down of the Gulf Stream would suddenly decrease the amount of heat in the North
Atlantic, leading to much colder temperatures in Europe and North America.
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The Impacts of global Warming
 Reduction of Biodiversity 生物物種多樣性減少
 失 去 生 境 Losing Habitats due to temperature rises
 山 區 缺 水 Reduction of freshwater supply trapped in mountains
 More Diseases 疾病增加
 Endemic diseases increasing health risks
 Extreme Weathers 極端氣候
more storms, floods, droughts… 暴風、洪水、乾旱
Unpredictable climate change 氣候改變難測
 Buffering power of planet earth is lowered, leading to
unforeseeable climate change
 leading to fluctuating economy, e.g. Hurricanes in Mexico
Bay are threatening oil prices to surge, drought lead to
depletion of resources supply, etc………
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2. The Impacts of global Warming
全球暖化會議摘要
Abstract from the 17th Global Warming Conference, April, 2006.
 .. today‘s atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are the highest in
650,000 years. 今天大氣中二氧化碳水平為六十五萬年內最高
 Antarctic climate and concentrations of the greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) were tightly coupled.
南極氣候改變和温室氣體相關
 … CO2 seemed to be confined between bounds of about 180
ppmv (parts per million by volume) in glacial periods and 280
ppmv in inter-glacials; …… Today is 380 ppmy and is rising….
今天大氣中二氧化碳水平為 380 ppmv 而且正在上升
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3. Kyoto Protocol 京都協定
 Took effect in February, 2005. Obligates
countries to observe target figures for
green house gas reduction. 05 年生效，
各國宜制定減排目標。
 Advanced nations should reduce
emissions of 6 gases by an average of 68% (relative to 1990 levels) over the five
year period from 2008 to 2012. 先進國應
排少90 年水平的8%
 Kyoto Mechanisms : Scheme for Trading
Green House Gas Emissions Rights and
encourage international co-operations to
achieve carbon neutral 京都機制: 排放貿
易及鼓勵國際合作達致碳中和。
3. Kyoto Protocol
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3. Kyoto Protocol
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Kyoto Mechanisms 京 都 機 制
:
1. Joint Implementation (JI):
international cooperation
合同協作
2. Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM): new
technology to cut
emissions 清潔發展機制
3. Emission Trading (ET): set
ceiling to trade 排放貿易
3. Kyoto Protocol
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Carbon Market for Carbon dioxide
emission trading
3. Kyoto Protocol
http://en.cop15.dk/
 In the US, the American Clean Energy & Security Act (July 7, 2009; 219>212 in
House of Commons) would charge carbon tax for all imports to US in
2010. Beginning in 2012, emissions would be capped at 3 % below 2005
levels increasing to 17 % below 2005 levels in 2020 and 83 % below 2005
levels in2050.
In EU, the target is 20 or even 30 % reduction in 2020 of 1990 level !! Renewable
energy targets at 20% share in 2020.
In France, carbon tax of 14 euro per kg carbon dioxide to be charged in 1/1/2010.
Low carbon business had expanded 75% in 2008 during
the economic tsunami.
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HK
Hong Kong is hotter
than global trend in
recent years (since
90’s)!
global
香港增温比全球多!
為什麼?
Why??
Leung et al., 2004. Climate Change in Hong Kong. Hong Kong
Observatory Technical Note No.107. HKSAR Government. 41 p.
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http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/tc_chi/climate_change/
files/GHG_Emission_Trend_1990_2007.pdf
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PLEASE HELP ! 請幫手 !!
 REDUCE CITY HEAT 減 少 城 市 發 熱 : Use p
ublic transports, build less road and urban a
rea, etc, to reduce heat island effect.
 LOW CARBON LIVING 低 碳 生 活 : Live a low
-carbon life and practice carbon neutral. Set
targets for emission reduction to cut energ
y consumption (e.g. Stop using tungsten ligh
t bulb, etc). Start your carbon audit NOW.
 PLANT MORE TREES 多 種 樹 : Conserve rur
al area and Plant more trees.
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 Nuclear energy
 Renewables (e.g. solar,
wind, hydrogen)
 Biostorage (e.g. forest
and soil storage)
Wedge
Strategies:
 Efficiency (reduced miles
traveled, increased building
and electricity efficiency)
 Conservation (reduced
transport with mass transit
systems)
 Fossil-Fuel-Based fuel
switching (natural gas),
biogas, and carbon capture
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http://www.ctenergyeducation.com/images/Wedges_Concept_Game_Materials_July05.pdf
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Summary 撮要
 Carbon dioxide emission exceeds the normal range
and is rising, together with global temperature
異常高的碳排放與全球增温同時出現。
 The impacts are visible and the situation is getting
worse 其影响明顯且正在惡化。
 We are causing global warming and we have to act on
saving our planet earth! 我們在形成暖化並須以行動
拯救地球。
 Fossil fuels are NOT unlimited, we need a sustainable
energy policy: carbon tax, carbon trading, nuclear
energy, and renewable energy. 化石燃料非無窮盡，
須發展可持續性的能源政策 : 碳稅、 排放貿易、 核
能和可再生能源。
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Discussions 討 論 :
1. What’s Carbon neutral 何謂碳中和?
2. What can we do to achieve Carbon neutral
or carbon compensation 如何達致碳補償?
3. Practicing wedge strategies (auditing) and
low carbon living in your
school/firm/organization/ at home! ? 如何實
踐碳審訂?
4. Is carbon tax better than carbon trading? 碳
稅還是碳交易較佳?
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