Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Integrated Waste Management and Resource Efficiency
Integrated Food Waste Management
for Climate Change Mitigation in
Developing Asian Countries
Janya SANG-ARUN, Researcher
Magnus BENGTSSON, Senior Policy Researcher
Taib SHAZWIN, Intern
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Introduction to IGES
• IGES is an NPO based in Japan (5 branch offices)
• Working on policy-research and providing services and
facilitating policy development to Ministries in Japan (esp.
Ministry of Environment) and Governments in Asia and the
Pacific.
• 7 Divisions: Waste and Resources Management, Natural
Resource Management (Forest, Fresh Water, Biodiversity),
Climate Policy, Climate Market Mechanism, Environmental
Education, Economic Analysis, and Program Management
Office.
• Download publications: www.iges.or.jp
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IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp
CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Presentation outline
• Potential GHG emissions and reductions from food
waste
• Food waste management hierarchy based on 3Rs
• Example of food waste management in Cambodia,
Thailand and India
• Conclusion
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CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Waste composition in developing Asia countries
Waste
composition
Food waste
Developing Asia*
(%)
31-74
India**
(%)
40
Plastic
Paper
Metal
Glass
5-17
4-20
0.1-6
0.2-7
4
5
1
2
Miscellaneous
2-55
47
*Compile from various sources
** toxic link, 2002
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CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Potential GHG emissions through landfill of food waste
Country
MSW
(Mt/yr)
Food waste
(Mt/yr)
GHG emissions
(MtCO2eq/yr)
Shallow landfill
Deep landfill
China
120
60
25.2
63.0
India
42
16.8
7.1
17.6
Indonesia
22.5
16.6
7.0
17.5
Thailand
14.7
9.4
4.0
9.9
Viet Nam
12.8
7.7
3.2
8.1
Philippines
11
5.0
2.1
5.2
Malaysia
8.7
4.3
1.8
4.5
Bangladesh
4.9
3.3
1.4
3.5
236.6
123.1
51.8
129.3
Sum
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IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp
CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Potential GHG emissions reduction through waste
reduction, composting, and anaerobic digestion
Management practice
GHG emissions reduction
compared to landfill
(KgCO2eq/kg of food waste)
Waste reduction
0.42 - 1.05
Anaerobic digestion
0.25 - 1.05
Composting
0.07 - 1.03
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IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp
CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Preferable food waste management technology
 Low GHG emissions
 Efficient resource recovery
 Low energy input
 Low monetary investment
 Low environmental impact
 Simple and easy to handle
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IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp
CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Integrated food waste management hierarchy
Most preferable
Notes
Main Benefits
Reduce overall environmental
impact
Human
consumption
Direct nutrient
recovery
Direct nutrient recovery
Animal feed
Energy and indirect
nutrient recovery
Reduce
methane
emission
Sang-Arun et al.
Reduce
High quality leftover food
Reuse
Medium quality leftover food
Anaerobic digestion
Low quality food waste,
high investment capacity
Recycle
Indirect nutrient
recovery
Reduce impact
from landfill/
incineration
Reduce
over
consumption
Composting
Low-medium quality
food waste
Mechanical biological treatment
(combined with landfill/incineration)
Sanitary landfill equipped with methane collection
Less preferable
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CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
Unsorted waste
Recovery
Unsorted
waste, high
investment
capacity
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Urban Composting in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
• Waste generation is 1,200 ton/day
• 30 ton/day of waste from food market is composting by a
NGO (COMPED)
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IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp
CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
• Compost price is 75 USD/ton of compost
• GHG emissions reduction is around 1.7 tCO2eq/day
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CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Urban Composting in Bangkok, Thailand
•
•
•
•
Waste generation : 8,500 tons/day
Composting: 1,000 tons/day of waste
Compost price: 63 USD/ton
GHG emissions reduction: 659 tCO2eq/day
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CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Household composting in Bangkok (pilot scale)
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CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Anaerobic digestion in Rayong, Thailand
•
•
•
•
•
Waste generation: 60 tons/day
Capacity of the plant: 60 tons/day
Actual operation: 25-30 tons/day
Use of biogas: Generating electricity  sell to national grid
GHG emissions reduction: 26 tCO2eq/day
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CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Anaerobic digestion in Kerala, India
•
•
•
•
•
•
Initiated by BIOTECH India (Trivandrum, Kochi, etc)
35% of investment cost is subsidized
16,000 household with waste input of 3 kg/day
220 community’s digesters
25 schools with capacity of 50 kg of waste per day
45 plants with capacity of 250 kg of waste per day is
generating electricity from biogas produced
• 30-50% saving LPG use for cooking
• Short term economic return
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IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp
CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Biogas plant at a school in Trivandrum
•
•
•
•
•
Plant capacity: 100 kgs of waste input
Current waste input: 25-30 kgs + 20 l kitchen wastewater
Energy saving: 35%
Effluent: use as liquid fertilizer in school
Plan to collect food waste from other organization
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IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp
CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Biogas plant at YWCA (dormitory) in Trivandrum
•
•
•
•
Capacity: 25 kgs of waste input
Waste input: 25 kgs waste + 75 kitchen wastewater
Effluent: discharge to wastewater canal
Energy saving: not yet obvious
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CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Biogas plant at a fish market in Trivandrum
• Capacity: 250 kgs waste input/day
• Use of biogas: Generating electricity (5kW) for lighting
the market and community road
Sang-Arun et al.
IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp
CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Household biogas project in Trivandrum
•
•
•
•
•
Waste input 3 kg/day
Size: 1 m3
Biogas use: cooking
Effluent: use for gardening
Saving 50% of LPG for cooking
Sang-Arun et al.
IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp
CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Mechanical Biological Pre-Treatment (MBT)
• Implement in Phitsanulok, Thailand since 1999
• Could reduce GHG emissions and extend lifetime of landfill
• Plastic waste is segregated before dumping into landfill
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IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp
CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Conclusion
• Food waste contributes large amount of GHG
emissions from the waste sector of developing Asian
countries.
• The government should promote use of food waste
as a resource (e.g. animal feed, biogas, and
composting) in household or community scale.
• To increase efficiency of food waste utilization, food
waste separation at source is required.
• Not all of food waste can be separated, MBT should
be applied for mixed waste.
Sang-Arun et al.
IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp
CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
IGES future work on food waste and climate change
1. Supporting local governments by developing an
implementation guideline and decision tool for
promoting use of organic waste in Laos, Cambodia and
Thailand.
2. Providing training workshop to local governments in
Laos, Cambodia and Thailand.
3. Study on multiple benefits of organic waste
management.
4. Biomass town for resource efficiency and climate
change mitigation in developing Asian countries.
Sang-Arun et al.
IGES | http://www.iges.or.jp
CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Acknowledgement
Financial supporters:
• Ministry of Environment, Japan (MOEJ)
• Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change
Research (APN)
CCDC2010 Organizers
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CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Food waste management and climate change
Thank You
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CCDC-2010 , Feb 19-22, 2010, Kottayam, India
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