Allied Maritime Command
Maritime Security at a Crossroads:
Operationalising the Allied Maritime Strategy
Professor James Henry Bergeron
Chief Political Advisor
Allied Maritime Command
(comments personal)
Agenda
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MarCom – Who we are
Operations
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OCEAN SHIELD
ACTIVE ENDEAVOUR
UKRAINE RESPONSE
Revitalisation of NATO’s
maritime forces
Questions and Discussion
NATO – Maritime Evolution 1949 - 2009
The Alliance Maritime Strategy
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Deterrence and Collective Defence
Crisis Management
Cooperative Security, Outreach and Partnership
Maritime Security
Signed in 2011 needs to be fully
implemented
Maritime Security is the bedrock on
which all AMS tasks are achieved.
MarCom Roles and Responsibilities
“ HQ MARCOM is responsible for
maritime competency and acts as
NATO's principal maritime advisor. It
maintains comprehensive situational
awareness throughout the maritime
environment, and is ready to command
a maritime heavy SJO or act as the
Maritime Component (MCC) to support
up to a MJO+.”
Maritime NATO 2014
1. Reform of Maritime Security Operations: Extension/Reform of
Operation Active Endeavour and Ocean Shield: Expand
beyond CT and CP; greater reliance on Associated Support
2. Revitalisation of NATO’s Standing Naval Forces; better training,
varied missions; regional exercises and engagement; a full
spectrum Task Force structure? (MCM, C4ISR, Interoperability)
3. Explore new affiliations with existing CTFs as follow-on
maritime forces (potential on-call Maritime Contingency
Force)
4. Maintaining Strategic Engagement and Situational Awareness
on the Seas
5. Enhanced maritime engagement with Partners
6. Training and Exercise: making a success of CFI at Sea
7. Maintain NATO-EU cooperation in maritime security; explore
ways to deepen it. EUMSS-AMS discussion?
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Reforming Op ACTIVE ENDEAVOUR
Mission
• Art 5 Response to 9/11 to counter the threat of maritime
terrorist activities – CT in a single operational environment?
• Maritime Situational Awareness and engagement is key aspect 5 partners (Russia, Morocco, Israel, Georgia, Ukraine)
• 13 yrs old – regional relevance has waned – seen as narrow
when placed alongside growing security challenges of the Med
region - Mission Review debate ongoing.
Intent
• Move to a Network Operation less reliant on military forces
• Respond to regional concerns and security challenges by
broadening operation but with approvals clearly defined.
• Ensure a Joint approach with other environments and partners.
End state
• Maintain Connectivity through “regional network”.
• Ensure presence in Mediterranean.
• Reinvigorate Partnerships with Med Dialogue/
MOU nations.
Counter Piracy Operations
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Long history of Piracy off the Horn of
Africa
International response to piracy in
2008
Coincide with WFP tasking into
Somalia
EU Operation ATALANTA launched end
of 2008
NATO and Combined Maritime Forces
(CMF) engaged in 2009
‘Big 3’ and Independent Deployers:
Unity of Effort
Piracy Incident Rate
20
Incidents - 12 Month Moving Average
Military
Containment
18
Pirated and Attacks
Pirated Only
16
Number of Incidents per Month
14
2007 Reference
IRTC Military
Protection
12
10
Dhows in Indian Ocean Piracy
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6
4
2
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GoA Piracy
Surge
Merchant
Armed
Protection
Pre-crisis
situation
restored
Mission Comparison
Task Force
Missions & Tasks
Mandated Activity
Key Issues
NATO
• Conduct Counter Piracy
Operations
• Encourage Resilience of
commercial shipping
• Support Counter Piracy building
initiatives
• Active disruption of PAGs
• Patrolling of the IRTC
• Border/Coast Line Ops to deter
and disrupt
• ISR (MPA, SSK, FF, Helo, UAV)
• KLE/LLE Puntland focussed
• NATO Shipping Centre
Engagement
• Limited Regional Capacity
Building support to CP building
initiatives with regional states
EU
• Protect WFP/AMISOM shipping
• Deter/Disrupt piracy and armed
robbery in the AOO
• Where possible arrest, detain
and transfer suspected pirates
• Contribute to the monitoring of
fishing activity off the coast of
Somalia
• Active disruption of PAGs
• WFP & AMISOM protection
• Legal/Political framework for
arrest and detention
• MPAs
• Regional Capacity Building
through EUCAPNESTOR
• Many assets but often limited
flexibility due to national caveats
CMF
• Conduct Counter Piracy
Operations in the CMF battle space
under a mission based mandate
• Actively deter, disrupt and
suppress pirate activity
• Shared focus on Counter
Terrorism and Patterns of Life
• Maritime Logistics
• MPA (sortie by sortie)
• Flexible Force allocation between
CTFs 150 & 151
• Loose Force Structure
• No Regional Capacity Bldg
• No common ROE
• Fewer assets for CP as opposed
to CT tasking
Reforming Op OCEAN SHIELD
Mission
• Coordinate NATO’s contribution with the International
community – CMF, EUNAVFOR, Independent deployers via
SHADE
• Increase regional maritime security capacity within means
• Mandate now extended to end of 2016
Intent
• Thorough overhaul of OPLAN now underway
• Broaden Regional Engagement within a Focused Presence
approach
Desired Effect
• Indian Ocean crucial area to the Alliance. Maintains forward
presence in an unstable area
• Less fixation with low end operations – but able to respond
should piracy re-emerge
• Show NATO relevance to the region and to the Alliance
Impact of the Ukraine Crisis?
1. Deep change in NATO-Russian relations (or reset to
1979); partnership activity stopped.
2. Renewed emphasis on indivisible Alliance security reassurance of Eastern European allies; reassertion of
Alliance capabilities and resolve.
3. Closer defence and security cooperation with Ukraine.
4. The Land has bounded back as a critical conflict domain.
(Mali, CAR, now Ukraine).
5. Sharper edge to the ‘from Deployed to Prepared NATO’
idea.
Likely to inform all aspects of the Summit, but main outlines
will survive
Maritime Assurance Measures
Immediate Assurance post-Ukraine Crisis
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Baltic Presence – SNMCMG1 activation.
Mediterranean Focus is priority for SNMGs.
Black Sea exercise programme will be maintained.
• OOS to be maintained, but not with SNMGs
• Additional forces identified for groups
Follow-on Measures
• Permanent Baltic and Mediterranean presence – more
Exercises. Black Sea presence as Council decides.
• SNF Review – expand the size and capabilities of the groups
to IRF standard.
• Back up deployments with effective STRATCOM.
Longer-term Considerations
• SACEUR Military Strategic posture review:
NCS/NFS, Response Forces, Contingency Planning, etc.
• Impact of Ukraine on the Alliance Maritime Strategy
Revitalising NATO’s Naval Forces
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4 Standing Naval Groups represent majority of NATO’s IRF
2 Mine Countermeasures Groups, 2 Naval Groups
SNF Challenges
• 47 year old design – suffered from capability contraction, force
flow fatigue leading - excessive demand on too small a force.
• Growing disconnect between tasking: Operations vs
Contingency vs Training: What is the right balance?
• Fit for 21st Century NRF? Littoral challenges v blue-water
posture.
Reforms being considered:
• Inject broader capabilities within all groups
• Reform operations
• Adjust schedule, more exercises, inject variety;
• Champion affiliations with national task groups as an on-call
contingency force.
• Fewer exercises – greater mass – concentrate effort.
The Littoral 2045: Crisis Response, HA/DR
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Global population is expected to
grow from 7.2Bn to 8.3 – 10.9Bn
70% of that growth will be in the
poorest 24 countries
70% Urban, most on the coast, much
in shanty-town conditions
Urbanisation now at 1.3m / week
280 mega-cities with over 20m
inhabitants
Sea-levels rise by 0.3 – 0.4m
Almost all have access to internet by
2030
Maritime Zone
Allied Maritime Command
Discussion?