Safety DTU Branddag 04/2011 By Head of Dept. Master in Fire Safety Finn B. Steffensen I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 1 Knowledgeable User Safety • Round-robin study of fire modelling • Dalmarnock Fire Tests [Uni. of Edinb. et al.] -30%Texp +500%Texp [Rein et al. (2009), Fire Safety Journal 44, pp. 590-602] • • A posteriori modelling (8xFDS+2xCFAST) • Common test description • HRR of initial fire was provided Pre-flashover well-ventilated round-robin studies2 I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt Safety Forretningsstrategi Round-NIRAS F ‘Tilfældigt’ Overvejet Vel-overvejet 2*Sd mean Sol 3 I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt Sol 1 $ Sol 2 3 Safety Cost-benefit Problemer generelt F Omkostning til analyse Besparelse ved yderligere analyse $ Optimum I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 4 Safety Cost-benefit Brand analyser F Omkostning til yderligere analyse Besparelse ved yderligere analyse $ Optimum I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 5 Safety Funktionsbaserede brandkrav Evaluering EBST Arkitekter Brandrådgiver Andre I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 6 Safety Comparative Evaluation of Prescriptive, Performance based and Risk based Fire Safety in an Office Building Maria Boe Hede, Master Thesis, March 2011 Comparative = deemed to succeed Areal = 2100 m2 Etagehøjde = 3,2 m Personlast 400 per Brandinstallation (Anv. 1/3): Automatisk sprinkleranlæg Automatisk varslingsanlæg I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 7 7 Safety Brandteknisk dimensionering Information om brandteknisk dimensionering I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 8 8 Safety Brandteknisk dimensionering resultat Sprinklersystem virker Sprinklersystem virker ikke I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 9 9 Safety Designværdier Sandsynlig værst (samtidig) Personbelastning (max) Personfordeling (værst) Brandplacering (værst) Brandtype (soot-yield) (sandsynlig værst) Brandtilvækst (forventet værst) Brandstørrelse (forventet værst) Detection and warning Reaction and decision Travelling time, flugtvejsdefinition (trapper) og flugtvejspræferencer (30/70) No first aid intervention Virkemåde af brandtekniske foranstaltninger (control mode sprinkler (!!?), afstand fra brand til detektor og/eller sprinkler osv.) Svigt af brandteknisk foranstaltning ESL/FSL > 1, 1,3, 2,0 !!!!? I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 10 Risikoanalyser Safety I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 11 11 Reaction and decision time Safety I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 12 12 Safety Risikoanalyse Resultat (50.000 simuleringer) I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 13 13 Commissioning, Operation and Management Safety • Operation: • Design compliance should be ensured throughout the building lifetime − System mean life time, L: [Klote (2002)] - Other: 1E-5/hr [Klote (2002)] - Fan: 1E-6/hr L 1 n i 1 L=23 months i L=9 months − Regular verification of FP-SOM by testing I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 14 Safety High rack storage 400 mio EUR Storage New storage I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 15 Safety Danish Furs QRA-analysis – Traditional Fire Strategy Antal hændelser pr. år Brandskade Røgskade Vandskade Samlet skade pr. år 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,000000 11111111 0 55555556 0 0,000000 11111111 0 55555556 0 0,000000 11111111 0 55555556 0 0,000000 2000000000 0 0 0 0,000000 11111111 16666667 55555556 0 0,000000 11111111 16666667 55555556 0 0,000000 11111111 16666667 55555556 0 0,000000 2000000000 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 ∑ loss/year = 3 mio. EUR I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,011446 0 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,000354 0 0 0 0 0,000000 11111111 0 55555556 0 0,000000 11111111 0 55555556 0 0,000000 11111111 0 55555556 0 0,000000 2000000000 0 0 0 0,000000 11111111 16666667 55555556 0 0,103014 11111111 100000000 55555556 17169000 0,000000 11111111 16666667 55555556 0 0,003186 1000000000 0 0 3186000 16 Safety Danish Furs QRA-analysis – Alternative Fire Strategy Antal hændelser pr. år Brandskade Røgskade Vandskade Samlet skade pr. år 0,026979 0 0 0 0 0,000834 0 0 0 0 0,000834 0 0 0 0 0,000026 0 0 0 0 0,002998 0 0 0 0 0,000093 0 0 0 0 0,000093 0 0 0 0 0,000003 0 0 0 0 0,062952 11111111 0 55555556 4196790 0,001947 11111111 0 55555556 129798 0,001947 11111111 0 55555556 129798 0,000060 2000000000 0 0 120431 0,006995 11111111 16666667 55555556 582888 0,000216 11111111 16666667 55555556 18027 0,000216 11111111 16666667 55555556 18027 0,000007 2000000000 0 0 13381 0,000999 0 0 0 0 0,000031 0 0 0 0 0,000031 0 0 0 0 0,000001 0 0 0 0 0,000111 0 0 0 0 0,000003 0 0 0 0 0,000003 0 0 0 0 0,000000 0 0 0 0 0,008993 11111111 0 55555556 599541 0,000278 11111111 0 55555556 18543 0,000278 11111111 0 55555556 18543 0,000009 2000000000 0 0 17204 0,000999 11111111 16666667 55555556 83270 0,000031 11111111 16666667 55555556 2575 0,000031 11111111 16666667 55555556 2575 0,000001 2000000000 0 0 ∑ loss/year = 1 mio. EUR I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 191217 Methodology of Use DK: Great variation within group of FSEs and within group of AHJs Safety • Design fire uncertainty – e.g. car fire [EN 12101-5]: Q f=4,000 kW [Okamoto et al. (2009), Fire Safety Journal 44, pp. 301-310] • DK: Same building owner may be met with different design fires Npers/Ntotal • Premovement time t pre tdet trd • Fixed: ~30 s => ~300 s • Distribution of trd : I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 1.0 Office Shopping trd 18 Mathematical Model Safety • Fire modelling in PB design • A priori modelling 45 kg/s 75 kg/s 60 kg/s • - 4. diff. math. models - Identical design fire • Leads to unclear risk levels PBFC system must control math. assumptions I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 19 Methodology of Use Safety • Buoyancy-driven vent modelling Vena contracta No VC No VC Cv , fds Vena contracta I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt Ag , fds Ag ,hv Ag , fds Cv , fds Cv ,av Cv ,hv Ag ,av 20 Full-Scale Testing and Verification Safety • Capacity of spiral stairs • AROS Museum of Modern Art, Aarhus (DK) [Olafur Eliasson] • Hand rail in 1/3 point to improve capacity Handrail 21 I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt Existing Improved Full-Scale Testing and Verification Safety • Full-scale test • 3 rep. tests with 200 pers. in each staircase Existing Improved • Findings Staircase Flow [pers/10 s] No handrail 16 Handrail 24 I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt Up 50% Lane Speed [m/s] Outer Centre Inner 1.3 0.8 0.6 Compares to 0.7 m/s 22 Fire Protection and Safety: the next 25 years Safety Demographics and Urban Growth Patterns 1. Densification in population 2. Changes in transportation modes 3. Growing aged and disabled population 4. Declining work force 5. Changing cultural impacts on fire safety and fire safety education 6. Increased population living alone 7. Focus on renovation/repair/reuse/maintenance Materials and Technology 8. Smart building materials 9. Changes in hazards of building contents – materials and configurations 10. Increased power demands 11. New fire fighting technologies – sensors, robotics, information and decision making technologies Environment, Energy, Sustainability 12. Frequency of natural disasters – fires and floods 13. Green building design 14. Aging fire safety and electrical systems 15. Alternative fuels and energy sources 16. Declining water resources in populated areas 17. Hazardous materials regulation impact on fire protection materials I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 23 Future work Safety Udfordringer: Nybyg 130 mia kr Ombyg 70 mia kr. Acceptkriterier Risikoacceptkurver Forsikringsselskaber Designbrande Materialer High rise Buildings I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 24 Eksamensprojekter Safety Evakueringsforsøg med grise !!!?? Brandsikring af aerosoloplag Udvendig brandspredning, med facadebeklædning af EPS mmm I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt 25 End of Presentation Safety THANK YOU! I:\inf\pr-toolbox\overheads\Firmapresentation_nov2005.ppt [NRCC/MTQ: Full-scale fire test, Ville-Marie Tunnel, Montreal (CA)] 26