Safety
DTU Branddag
04/2011
By Head of Dept. Master in Fire Safety Finn B. Steffensen
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1
Knowledgeable User
Safety
• Round-robin study of fire modelling
• Dalmarnock Fire Tests [Uni. of Edinb. et al.]
-30%Texp
+500%Texp
[Rein et al. (2009), Fire Safety Journal 44, pp. 590-602]
•
• A posteriori modelling (8xFDS+2xCFAST)
• Common test description
• HRR of initial fire was provided
Pre-flashover well-ventilated round-robin studies2
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Safety
Forretningsstrategi
Round-NIRAS
F
‘Tilfældigt’
Overvejet
Vel-overvejet
2*Sd
mean
Sol 3
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Sol 1
$
Sol 2
3
Safety
Cost-benefit
Problemer generelt
F
Omkostning til
analyse
Besparelse ved
yderligere analyse
$
Optimum
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Safety
Cost-benefit
Brand analyser
F
Omkostning til
yderligere analyse
Besparelse ved
yderligere analyse
$
Optimum
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Safety
Funktionsbaserede brandkrav
Evaluering
EBST 
Arkitekter 
Brandrådgiver 
Andre 
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Safety
Comparative Evaluation of Prescriptive, Performance
based and Risk based Fire Safety in an Office Building
Maria Boe Hede, Master Thesis, March 2011
Comparative = deemed to succeed
Areal = 2100 m2
Etagehøjde = 3,2 m
Personlast 400 per
Brandinstallation (Anv. 1/3):
Automatisk sprinkleranlæg
Automatisk varslingsanlæg
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7
Safety
Brandteknisk dimensionering
Information om brandteknisk dimensionering
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8
Safety
Brandteknisk dimensionering
resultat
Sprinklersystem virker
Sprinklersystem virker
ikke
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9
Safety
Designværdier
Sandsynlig værst (samtidig)
Personbelastning (max)
Personfordeling (værst)
Brandplacering (værst)
Brandtype (soot-yield) (sandsynlig værst)
Brandtilvækst (forventet værst)
Brandstørrelse (forventet værst)
Detection and warning
Reaction and decision
Travelling time, flugtvejsdefinition (trapper) og flugtvejspræferencer
(30/70)
No first aid intervention
Virkemåde af brandtekniske foranstaltninger (control mode
sprinkler (!!?), afstand fra brand til detektor og/eller sprinkler osv.)
Svigt af brandteknisk foranstaltning
ESL/FSL > 1, 1,3, 2,0 !!!!?
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Risikoanalyser
Safety
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11
Reaction and decision time
Safety
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12
Safety
Risikoanalyse
Resultat (50.000 simuleringer)
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13
Commissioning, Operation and Management
Safety
• Operation:
• Design compliance should be ensured
throughout the building lifetime
− System mean life time, L:
[Klote (2002)] - Other: 1E-5/hr
[Klote (2002)] - Fan: 1E-6/hr
L
1
n

i 1
L=23 months
i
L=9 months
− Regular verification of FP-SOM by testing
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Safety
High rack storage
400 mio EUR Storage
New storage
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Safety
Danish Furs
QRA-analysis – Traditional Fire Strategy
Antal hændelser pr. år
Brandskade
Røgskade
Vandskade
Samlet skade pr. år
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,000000
11111111
0
55555556
0
0,000000
11111111
0
55555556
0
0,000000
11111111
0
55555556
0
0,000000
2000000000
0
0
0
0,000000
11111111
16666667
55555556
0
0,000000
11111111
16666667
55555556
0
0,000000
11111111
16666667
55555556
0
0,000000
2000000000
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
∑ loss/year = 3 mio. EUR
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0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,011446
0
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,000354
0
0
0
0
0,000000
11111111
0
55555556
0
0,000000
11111111
0
55555556
0
0,000000
11111111
0
55555556
0
0,000000
2000000000
0
0
0
0,000000
11111111
16666667
55555556
0
0,103014
11111111
100000000
55555556
17169000
0,000000
11111111
16666667
55555556
0
0,003186
1000000000
0
0
3186000
16
Safety
Danish Furs
QRA-analysis – Alternative Fire Strategy
Antal hændelser pr. år
Brandskade
Røgskade
Vandskade
Samlet skade pr. år
0,026979
0
0
0
0
0,000834
0
0
0
0
0,000834
0
0
0
0
0,000026
0
0
0
0
0,002998
0
0
0
0
0,000093
0
0
0
0
0,000093
0
0
0
0
0,000003
0
0
0
0
0,062952
11111111
0
55555556
4196790
0,001947
11111111
0
55555556
129798
0,001947
11111111
0
55555556
129798
0,000060
2000000000
0
0
120431
0,006995
11111111
16666667
55555556
582888
0,000216
11111111
16666667
55555556
18027
0,000216
11111111
16666667
55555556
18027
0,000007
2000000000
0
0
13381
0,000999
0
0
0
0
0,000031
0
0
0
0
0,000031
0
0
0
0
0,000001
0
0
0
0
0,000111
0
0
0
0
0,000003
0
0
0
0
0,000003
0
0
0
0
0,000000
0
0
0
0
0,008993
11111111
0
55555556
599541
0,000278
11111111
0
55555556
18543
0,000278
11111111
0
55555556
18543
0,000009
2000000000
0
0
17204
0,000999
11111111
16666667
55555556
83270
0,000031
11111111
16666667
55555556
2575
0,000031
11111111
16666667
55555556
2575
0,000001
2000000000
0
0
∑ loss/year = 1 mio. EUR
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Methodology of Use
DK: Great variation within group of
FSEs and within group of AHJs
Safety
• Design fire uncertainty – e.g. car fire
[EN 12101-5]:
Q f=4,000 kW
[Okamoto et al. (2009), Fire Safety Journal 44, pp. 301-310]
• DK: Same building owner may be met with
different design fires
Npers/Ntotal
• Premovement time
t pre  tdet  trd
• Fixed: ~30 s => ~300 s
• Distribution of trd :
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1.0
Office Shopping
trd
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Mathematical Model
Safety
• Fire modelling in PB design
• A priori modelling
45 kg/s
75 kg/s
60 kg/s
•
- 4. diff. math. models
- Identical design fire
• Leads to unclear risk levels
PBFC system must control math. assumptions
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Methodology of Use
Safety
• Buoyancy-driven vent modelling
Vena
contracta
No VC
No VC
Cv , fds 
Vena
contracta
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Ag , fds
Ag ,hv
Ag , fds  Cv , fds
Cv ,av
Cv ,hv
Ag ,av
20
Full-Scale Testing and Verification
Safety
• Capacity of spiral stairs
• AROS Museum of Modern Art, Aarhus (DK)
[Olafur Eliasson]
• Hand rail in 1/3 point to improve capacity
Handrail
21
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Existing
Improved
Full-Scale Testing and Verification
Safety
• Full-scale test
• 3 rep. tests with 200 pers. in each staircase
Existing
Improved
• Findings
Staircase
Flow
[pers/10 s]
No handrail
16
Handrail
24
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Up
50%
Lane
Speed
[m/s]
Outer
Centre
Inner
1.3
0.8
0.6
Compares to 0.7 m/s
22
Fire Protection and Safety: the next 25 years
Safety
Demographics and Urban Growth Patterns
1. Densification in population
2. Changes in transportation modes
3. Growing aged and disabled population
4. Declining work force
5. Changing cultural impacts on fire safety and fire safety education
6. Increased population living alone
7. Focus on renovation/repair/reuse/maintenance
Materials and Technology
8. Smart building materials
9. Changes in hazards of building contents – materials and configurations
10. Increased power demands
11. New fire fighting technologies – sensors, robotics, information and decision
making technologies
Environment, Energy, Sustainability
12. Frequency of natural disasters – fires and floods
13. Green building design
14. Aging fire safety and electrical systems
15. Alternative fuels and energy sources
16. Declining water resources in populated areas
17. Hazardous materials regulation impact on fire protection materials
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Future work
Safety
Udfordringer:
Nybyg 130 mia kr
Ombyg 70 mia kr.
Acceptkriterier
Risikoacceptkurver
Forsikringsselskaber
Designbrande
Materialer
High rise Buildings
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Eksamensprojekter
Safety
Evakueringsforsøg med grise !!!??
Brandsikring af aerosoloplag
Udvendig brandspredning, med facadebeklædning af EPS
mmm
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End of Presentation
Safety
THANK YOU!
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[NRCC/MTQ:
Full-scale fire test, Ville-Marie Tunnel, Montreal (CA)]
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