Aeronautical
Operational Communication
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Peter Lemme
Agenda – wrt “aero operational comms”
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What is it?
How has it evolved?
What are its key characteristics?
How is it regulated?
How does a new radio system get approved for it?
Where is it headed (my guess)?
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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DISCLAIMER
• The information presented is believed to be up-to-date
and accurate as it applies to air transport
– I make mistakes
• The purpose is educational, and should not be the relied
on for any other purpose
– This is not a formal consultation
• The presenter is not a current and active participant in
many of the regulatory processes described
– Changes and mis-understanding are possible
• The presenter has relied on publicly available data
– May be ignorant of key system attributes
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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safety and regularity
aeronautical mobile route (R) services
aeronautical mobile satellite route (R) services
other purposes
aeronautical mobile off-route (OR) services
aeronautical mobile satellite off-route (OR) services
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Aeronautical Mobile Satellite (Route) Service - AMS(R)S
Aeronautical Mobile (Route) Service – AM(R)S
• Air Traffic Services
– Governing traffic management
• Aeronautical Operational Control
– Established between airplane and its operator
– Information regarding status of flight
– Promoting efficient and timely service
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Aeronautical Communication Safety Spectrum
• AM(R)S ONLY
2.850 – 22.000 MHz
117.975 – 137.000 MHz
Note 132-137 MHz may be shared with AM(OR)S
• AMS(R)S ONLY
1544-1545, 1645.5-1646.5 MHz
• AMS(R)S (SHARED, PRIORITY)
1545-1555, 1646.5-1656.5 MHz
1555-1559, 1656.5-1660.5 MHz (US ONLY)
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Priority
Route Service Communications are categorized
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Urgent / Distress
Flight Safety
Meteorological
Flight Regularity
Higher priority communication must get
preferred treatment over lower communication
–
–
Concerns over congestion
More demanding performance assurance
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Urgent / Distress - ATS
• Generally Voice ONLY
– No time to “retry”
• Imminent collision – airspace violation
• Airplane emergency
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Flight Safety
ATS
• Clearance
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Taxi
Departure
ATC
Downstream
AOC
Flight plan uplink
Load sheet
Electronic Library
Notice to airmen
• Automatic Terminal
Information Service (ATIS)
• Significant weather
• Traffic information
• Automatic Dependent
Surveillance (ADS)
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Meteorological - AOC
• Weather reports
– Textual
• METAR
• TAF
– Graphical
• Advisory
• Strategic
• Supplementary to onboard weather radar
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25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Flight Regularity
ATS
• Flight update
– Sequence / slots
– Flow management
– De-icing
AOC
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•
•
•
Flight status
Maintenance
Out-Off-On-In
log book
Cabin, Technical, Flight
• Fuel
• Gate and connecting
flight status
• Engine reports
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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How has it evolved?
ATS
HF voice
VHF voice
ARINC 623 ACARS
Inmarsat Voice
VHF/Inmarsat FANS 1/A
ATN
Iridium FANS 1/A
Iridium Voice (?)
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
AOC
HF voice
VHF voice
VHF ACARS
Inmarsat ACARS
Inmarsat Voice
HF ACARS
Iridium Voice
Iridium ACARS
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Aircraft Communication, Addressing and Reporting System
ACARS - VHF
• Character-based messaging protocol
– established in 1978
– aircraft movement messages (OOOI)
– Hundreds of message formats and applications
• Legacy VHF
25 kHz channel
2.4 kbps simplex
• ACARS over AVLC (AOA)
25 kHz channel
31.5 kbps simplex
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Aircraft Communication, Addressing and Reporting System
ACARS (other than VHF)
• Inmarsat Classic (P, R, T):
0.3 – 10.5 kbps duplex
DO-215A, DO-210D, DO-270, ICAO SARPS
• HF Data
3 kHz channel
0.3 – 1.8 kbps simplex
DO-265, DO-277
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Aircraft Communication, Addressing and Reporting System
ACARS - Emerging
• Iridium SBD
up to 15 kbits per message
DO-262
• Iridium RUDICS
2.4 kbps duplex circuit
• Inmarsat SBB
Up to 432 kbps
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Character-Oriented ATS Applicaions
• ARINC 623 ACARS Messages
• Departure Clearance
ED-85A
• ATIS
ED-89A
• Oceanic Clearance
ED-106A, Shanwick, Gandor
• Terminal Weather Information for Pilots
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Future Air Navigation System
FANS 1/A
• Started in 1983, first certificated in June 1995
• ACARS application
Encapsulated bit oriented message
Embedded with 32-bit CRC
Airways Facilities Notification (AFN)
ARINC 622, DO-258A, ED-100A
DO-306, ED-122
• Controller-Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC)
DO-219
• Automatic Dependant Surveillance (ADS)
DO-212
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Aeronautical Telecommunications Network
ATN
• Initiative begun in 1980’s
– OSI 7 layer architecture
• Connectionless network protocol
• Inter-domain routing protocol
– Mobility routing
– Accounting
– Security
• ARINC 623 and FANS 1/A ACARS ATS applications slowed
deployment
FANS 1/A – ATN Interoperability Standard DO-305, ED-154
• 2001 operational
– ATN Build 1 DO-280B / ED-110B, DO-290 / ED0129
– VDL-Mode 2 DO-281, ED-92A
– Inmarsat, HF, Mode S
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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ATN Applications
• ICAO Doc 9705 defines ATN as
applications and internetwork
• CPDLC protected mode (PM)
• ADS
• FIS
• Context Management (CM)
• ICAO Doc 9880 revised standard
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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ATN over IP
• ICAO Doc 9896 specifies ATN operation
over the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS)
– Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
– Mobile IP (MIP)
– IPsec and IKEv2 security
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Broadcast Data Link
• Automatic Dependant Surveillance
– Mode S Extended Squitter (ES)
DO-260A
• Flight Information Service (FIS)
– VDL Mode 2
DO-267A
• Traffic Information Service (TIS)
– Advisory ONLY
– Mode S ES
DO-286A, DO-260A
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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AMS(R)S VOICE
• Pilot to Controller direct voice capability
– HF Voice usually has intermediate radio operator
• Integrated audio controls
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Simultaneous, multi-crew support
Audio panel
Headphone, speaker, microphone, oxygen mask
Cockpit voice recorder
• Integrated control and display
– MCDU
– EICAS comm messages
• ICAO 24 bit telephone number
• ATC short codes
DO-231
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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International Telecommunication Union - ITU
• Created in 1932
– International Telegraph Union
– International Radio Telegraph Union
• August 1947, the United Nations recognized
the ITU
– specialized agency in the field of telecommunications
– other specialized agencies, such as ICAO, would not be
barred from any kind of work touching upon aeronautical
telecommunications including standardization activities.
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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International Telecommunication Union - ITU
• Agreements made are accorded treaty status
– full mandatory force
• without any possibility for variation
– Scope
– Substance
• except by agreement at a further conference.
• Treaty requirements are exercised through the Radio
Regulations
– For the regulation of the radio frequency spectrum,
– World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC)
• held every two to three years.
1995 – 1997 – 2000 – 2003 - 2007
WRC-12 23 Jan – 17 Feb 2012 Geneva, Switzerland
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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International Telecommunication Union - ITU
• All aspects of telecommunications
– Line
– Radio transmission
– 9 kHz to 275 GHz
– allocated to user services in response to their recognized demands
• Standards
– Systems
– Technical parameters
– Procedures
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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International Civil Aviation Organization
ICAO
• United Nations specialized agency with recognized
competence in matters related to aviation safety
• Under Article 37 of the Convention on International Civil
Aviation,
– ICAO is empowered to adopt and amend international SARPs in
all aviation matters including aeronautical communications
systems and air navigation aids.
– the highest practicable degree of uniformity is seen as essential
to facilitate and improve the safety of air navigation.
• System characteristics are laid down in Annex 10 to the
ICAO Convention
• Interoperability of systems on a global basis demands
that frequency allocations be available worldwide and,
preferably, also exclusive.
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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ICAO input to ITU
• ITU is the recognized international body for the regulation and use of
the radio frequency spectrum for aviation
– ITU Radio Regulations
– ITU-R Recommendations
• ICAO coordinates the aeronautical input to ITU discussions on radio
frequency spectrum matters.
• ICAO participates at meetings of the ITU-R study groups
common system technical standards
maximum levels of tolerable interference
measures to control and resolve interference incidents
frequency planning criteria
the preparation of frequency plans
distress and safety procedures.
• ICAO is accorded observer status at relevant ITU WRCs
• National regulation by national telecommunication authorities.
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices
(SARPS)
• Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil
Aviation
– Aeronautical Telecommunications
Volume II – Communication Procedures
Volume III – part 1 Digital Data Communication Systems
Volume III – part 2 Voice Communication Systems
Volume V - Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization
• SARPS
• Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS)
• Guidance material on aeronautical communication,
navigation and surveillance systems
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Performance Assurance
• Means of compliance may not require
precedence or pre-emption
– Required Communication Performance (RCP)
• Simultaneous use of a radio for AMS(R)S and
non-safety application (administrative or public
communication) is permitted as long as
performance is compliant and can be assured
Regulate the performance, not the design
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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RCP
• Priority categorization allows consistency
in performance assurance and thus
predictable safety margin
– As applied to tandem communications
networks
• Suitability is based on the message
– Some messages have RCP beyond what a
given radio service can provide
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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RCP 400 AMS(R)S Voice
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
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Preferred voice and packet data
Preferred multi-channel
ITU frequency allocated for AMS(R)S
Electro-Magnetic Compatible with other
airplane equipment to support safety and
regularity
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
(continued)
• Communication transmitted in priority
order
– No delay from lower priority communication
– Voice is higher priority than data
• Loss of comm announced within 30
seconds of detection
• Aircraft maneuvering
+20 to -5 deg pitch
25 deg roll
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
(continued)
• Means to prevent message tampering
• Protection against denial-of-service
• Protection against degraded performance
or reduced capacity due to external attack
• Means to prevent unauthorized access
– Spoofing, phantom controller
• ICAO 24 bit aircraft address
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
Packet Data Service Performance
• Constituent mobile sub-network of the
Aeronautical Telecommunication Network
(ATN)
– May also support non-ATN data functions
• Connection establishment less than 70
seconds
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
Packet Data Service Performance
• Air to ground transit delay limit (128 octets)
– 23 seconds for flight safety
– 28 seconds for meteorological or flight regularity
• Ground to air transit delay limit (128 octets)
– 12 seconds for flight safety
– 28 seconds for meteorological or flight regularity
• Air to ground data transfer (128 octets, 95th percentile)
– 40 seconds for flight safety
– 60 seconds for meteorological or flight regularity
• Ground to air data transfer (128 octets, 95th percentile)
– 15 seconds for flight safety
– 30 seconds for meteorological or flight regularity
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
Voice Performance
• Air to ground call initiation (95th percentile)
– 20 seconds to terrestrial network interface
• Ground to air call initiation (95th percentile)
– 20 seconds from terrestrial network interface
• 485 msec max latency
• Less than 1% of call blockage
– Assuming all lower priority calls dropped
– Erlang analysis (network sizing)
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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ICAO NGSS Acceptability Criteria (1999)
(beyond SARPS)
• Provide service on non-discriminatory basis
• Commit to six years from initial operational capability for
AMS(R)S
– Three years notice to cease service
– Existing levels of service maintained while new services can be
added
• Service provider, satellite operator, and avionics supplier
active participant in ICAO and RTCA/EUROCAE
standards development
• Disclosure of system implementation including failure
modes and effects
• Declared, near-global coverage
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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RTCA, Inc.
• Not-for-profit corporation
• FAA federal advisory committee
• Minimum Aviation System Performance
Standards (MASPS)
• Minimum Operational Performance
Standards (MOPS)
• Guidance Documents
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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EUROCAE
• Recognized by:
– European Commission
• Prepare European “norms”
– European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
• Technical documents regarding aviation safety
ETSO
– FAA
• Collaborator with RTCA, SAE, ARINC in developing aviation
standards
– ICAO
• Participant in study and standardization groups
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Aeronautical Information Service (AIS)
Meteorological (MET)
• RTCA SC-206 / EUROCAE WG-76
DO-308
• Performance based communication requirement - RCP
• Electronic Flight Bag (EFB)
• AIS
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Nav data
Charts
Instrument procedure
Terrain and obstacle data
• MET
– Immediate, near-term, planning decision making
• Flight safety and advisory data
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Standards for Air Traffic Data Communication Services
• RTCA SC-214 / EUROCAE WG 78
– NextGen (US)
– Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR)
• CPDLC
• ADS-C
• Safety and Performance Standard for Advanced ATS
Data Communication
DO-290
• Interoperability Standard for Data Communication
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Via ATN
Via ARINC 623
Via a mix of ATN and FANS 1/A
Via IP
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Inmarsat AMS(R)S
• RTCA SC-222
• As applicable to DO-210D, DO-262A, DO270A
– Harmonize with update ICAO AMS(R)S
SARPS adopted Feb 2007
– Harmonize with the FCC sanctioned
agreement between Inmarsat and MSV
– Add provision for AMS(R)S using Swift
Broadband
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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AMS(R)S Next Generation Satellite Services
and Equipment
• RTCA SC-215 (dormant)
• MOPS for Avionics that support NextGeneration Satellite Systems (NGSS)
DO-262A and Iridium normative appendix
• MASPS for the AMS(R)S as Used in
Aeronautical Data Links
DO-270 Iridium System Specific Attachment
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
50
Informal South Pacific ATS Co-ordinating Group (ISPACG)
FANS Interoperability Team
• Report from FAA Performance-based
Operations Aviation Rulemaking committee
(PARC) evaluation of FANS 1/A ACARS
messaging using Iridium SBD (FOI)
– RCP 240 for comm (30/30 separation)
– Surveillance type 180
– Testing underway, perfomance comparable to
Inmarsat
– Iridium SBD 5.2 upgrade should improve performance
(April 2010)
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Dispatch Relief
• Dual HF voice is mandated
– SatCom Voice for one HF channel
• Pilot to radio operator
• RCP 400
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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FAA AC120-70A Operational Authorization for
use of Data Link Communication System
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Design approval (AC 20-140)
Part 121 flightcrew qualification
Training
MMEL / MEL
Differences
Maintenance
Procedures and good practices
Event reporting
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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FAA AC 20-140 Guidelines for Design Approval of
Aircraft Data Communications Systems
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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New Radio Systems
• Aircell (849-851, 894-895 MHz) FCC
commercial Air-Ground Radiotelephone
Service
• 802.11
– ISM 2.4-2.5 GHz
– ISM 5.725-5.875 GHz
• 802.16 (licensed/unlicensed 2 – 66 GHZ)
• Cellular (GSM)
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
55
New Satellite Radio Systems
• L band
– Inmarsat SBB
• capable of AMS(R)S bands
• In-process MOPS, MASPS, SARPS
– Iridium
• MOPS, MASPS, SARPS adopted
• AMSS, secondary
• ITU AMS(R)S designation
– unable to confirm per footnote 5.367
• Ku band (secondary AMSS)
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Row 44
Panasonic
Viasat Yonder
ARINC Skylink
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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Where are we headed?
next five years – my guess
• Iridium approved for FANS 1/A, ACARS, voice
• Inmarsat SBB AMS(R)S approval
• AMS(R)S voice = one HF radio
• ATN applications support
– Native Inmarsat classic, to be confirmed SBB
– Iridium ATN support over IP
• Other public IP networks near-term Route designation not
likely
– Supplementary service
• Can’t ignore technology if it truly can benefit
• Can’t ignore safety and approving regulatory basis
– No dispatch relief
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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