DAIKIN
How to Evaluate Refrigerants?
>Global Warming Impact
>Energy efficiency & Peak Load
>Flammability & Toxicity
>Affordability - “Quick Gain”
February 18th, 2011
Daikin US
How to Evaluate Refrigerants? – Global Warming Impact -
2
LCCP comparison (3.5 kW Room A/C) based on cooling and heating
Total Emissions =
(1) Indirect emissions
(2) Direct emissions
(3) Emissions during refrigerant production
3.5kW Room A/C in Europe – EuP Average Condition (EU Average = 0.43Kg/kWh)
(Kg = Charge volume)
12195
(1)
12000
R22
R22 (1.14kg)
1234yf
HFO1234yf
(1.32single(*2）
kg) (*2)
(2)1754
1800
13106
(1) 13000
R32(*1)
R32 (0.84kg)
(*1)
44
(2)
11864
(1) 12000
R290（*3）
R290 (0.37kg)
(*3)
482
(2)
480
14249
(1) 14000
CO2(*4)
R744 (0.84Kg)
(*4)
(3) 390
(3) 23
Disregarding IEC, the charge
volume is 0.58Kg, and Indirect
impact could be reduced by
16%
(3) 12
1
(2)
1 (3) 0.5
15322
(1) 15000
R410A
R410A (1.2kg)
12136
(1)
1 1 (3) 0
(2)
(2)2130
2100
12000
(3) 23
(Kg･CO2)
5000
0
7000
7000
9000
9000
11000
11000
13000
13000
15000
15000
17000
（Precondition for Calculation）
- Recovery rate = 30%, Leakage rate= 5%/yr, Source of Emissions during refrigerant production is JRAIA 2004 Kobe Symposium
GWP=IPCC 4th (the EU F gas regulation, the GWP of the IPCC1 apply where R410A is 1975)
*1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, narrower heat exchanger was used to reduce charge volume.
*2 To improve efficiency, HX size was increased : Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe
increased from 3/8=> 5/8
*3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, narrower piping was used.
*4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX was increased x 1.1
November 13th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.
How to Evaluate Refrigerants? – Global Warming Impact GWP
Charge ratio %
2500
120
3
Modified GWP
2500
100
2000
2000
80
1500
75% reduction
1500
60
1000
1810
100
2027
97
40
500
1000
70
1810
1966
500
20
675
472
0
0
R22
R410A
R32
R22
R410A
R32
0
R22
R410A
R32
• The direct global warming effect of R32 is only 26% of R22, and 24% of R410
• Could be much lower by using micro channel heat exchanger
GWP values are based on IPCC 4th report.
(Note : for the EU F gas regulation, the GWP values of the IPCC1 apply where R410A is 1975)
November 13th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.
How to Evaluate Refrigerants? – Energy-efficiencies -
4
•Peak power comparison
•SEER Comparison (cooling mode)
HPs （Reversible）- 3.5kW-Room AC in Europe
(R410A ratio) under cooling condition
Outside 35°C, room 27°CDB/19° CWB
R22
R22 (1.14kg)
R22
HFO1234yf
(1.32single(*2）
kg) *2
1234yf
1234yf single(*2）
R32 (0.84kg)
*1
R32(*1)
R32(*1)
R290（*3）
Propane (0.37kg)
*3
R290（*3）
If disregard IEC, the
charge volume is
0.58kg, and SEER
CO2(*4)
could be same as
R22
CO2(*4)
CO2 (0.84Kg)
*4
R410A (1.2kg)
R410A
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.9
Efficiency ratio
R410A
1.0
1.0
Consideration:
In terms of SEER, CO2 is the worst, and the rest of
candidates are equivalent to R410A.
1.1
1.1
0.7
0.7
1.0
1.0
Power ratio
1.3
1.3
Consideration:
A big difference exists in the peak power under cooling
condition. HFO and CO2 will cause peak power problems in
large cities.
(Precondition for Calculation) Note: HX= Heat Exchanger
*1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, used narrower heat exchanger to reduce charge volume.
*2 To improve efficiency, changed sizes: Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe => 5/8
*3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, and used narrower piping.
*4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX x 1.1
November 13th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.
How to Evaluate Refrigerants – Safety: Flammability -
5
Consideration on the use of 2L refrigerants classified by ASHRAE 34 and ISO 817
ASHRAE 34: Class 1 = Non flammable, Class 2L Mildly flammable Class 2= Flammable, Class 3 = Highly Flammable
Class 1
Class 2L
Class 2
(No flame
propagation)
(Lower flammable with low burning
velocity)
(Lower flammable with high burning
velocity)
CO2(R744 )
R410A
R22
HFO 1234yf
R32
Ammonia (Toxic)
R152a
Class 3
(Higher flammability)
Propane (R290)
1. Flammability of Class 2L is similar to ammonia. Consideration is ongoing to clarify the safety
requirements to use 2L refrigerants
2. Commercial refrigeration and MAC (wrong use) which employed R290 caused fire accidents in the field
3. ASHRAE 34 recently reclassified R32 & HFO 1234yf down to new Class 2L (Lower flammability, low
burning velocity)
<Fire accident examples>
Beer cooler incident in Australia
10/19/95, CA: charging while engine was still hot
8/18/96, MS: low pressure hose from evaporator blew off
9/27/96, AR: torch used on truck AC unit after venting
refrigerant
Source: US-EPA in Bogota 2008
Propane
explosion in a
New Zealand
supermarket.
Source: EFCTC newsletter
Fire accidentｓ in case of HC use for cooking & heaters : ave.68/yr, death: ave.1.3/yr (01-06) ,:Source METI Japan
November 13th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.
6
While risk of R290 (propane) can be addressed with several measures (eg forced
fan operation to lower concentration below LFL), repair and disposal risks remain considerably high.
Source : Risk assessment work on HC refrigerant carried out by JRAIA Non Fluorocarbon Refrigerant WG in
1999-2000.
Estimated Incidents/year in Japan with R290 room air conditioners, after
Measures
60
50
Reason :
-Human errors
during repair &
disposal, which is
beyond the control
of manufacturers
Pessimistic
40
30
- During repair &
disposal there is no
power supply for the
unit, so measures
such as forced fan
operation do not
work.
Optimistic
20
10
0
Transport
Installation
Use
Repair
Disposal
November 13th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.
7
How to Evaluate Refrigerants – Cost up Factors Component which
increases cost
The Example of Room A/C
Propane (R290)
R32
HFO1234yf
CO2(R744)
Refrigerant price
Cheap
Cheap
Expensive
Cheap
Cost for performance
Compressor,
EX, etc.
Modification required
Same as R22
Near as R410A
Same as R410A
Larger comp.
Larger pipe etc.
Two-stage comp.
High-pressure etc.
Cost for safety
Charge reduction
Joint
Electronic parts
Leak detector
Ventilation
Important (ex.230g)
Special joint
Sealing etc.
Necessary
Necessary
Necessary
Special joint
Unnecessary.
Unnecessary
Unnecessary
Necessary
Special joint
Unnecessary
Unnecessary
Unnecessary
Necessary
Unnecessary
Unnecessary
Unnecessary
Unnecessary
Cost for handling
Manufacture
Supply chain
Installation
Service
Disposal
Special facility
Qualification
Qualified person
Qualified person
Qualification
Consideration:
Propane requires additional cost
when taking safety measures in
application and handling.
Modified facility
Modification
Modification
Modification
Modification
Modified facility
Modification
Modification
Modification
Modification
Modified facility
Qualification
Qualified person
Qualified person
Required
in Japan
Consideration:
CO2 requires significant cost
for performance improvement.
November 13th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.
How to Evaluate Refrigerants – Early Implementation -
8
*1: The figures are by Öko Recherche
Difference in
Situations
HCFC to nonODS
HVAC Market
Expectation
HFC Emissions in
2050 (BAU) *1
Containment Measures
Developing
nations
Not started
Rapid
76%
Not in place
Developed nations
Completed
Saturated
24%
Partially in place (EU, Japan)
• Early Implementation in Developing Nations is Most Important
• Change over to lower environmental impact refrigerants ASAP.
• Establish containment measures for further mitigating the impact.
“Quick Gain”
To significantly reduce future global warming impact
Use Technology Available “NOW”
November 13th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.
9
Refrigerant application map for ACs and HPs
(Daikin’s assessment for the time being)
Today’s Focus
Chiller
Water
heater
Room
split
?
CO2
R32
?
CO2、NH3
R32
HFO
HFO
Daikin does not produce
Mobile
Commercial
split
Refrigeration
November 13th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.
DAIKIN
Conclusion
February 18th, 2011
Daikin US
11
Conclusion
1. Evaluate not only GWP but also the total GHG emissions (LCCP)
In case of R32, higher efficiency and less refrigerant charge will lead to
lower greenhouse gas emissions. Additional leakage prevention measures
will contribute to emission reduction further, as is the case of all refrigerants.
2. A2L Class refrigerants for all capacity ranges can be used with only
minor modifications
3. Peak load should be considered when choosing candidates.
Not only seasonal energy efficiency but also efficiency in extreme temperature
conditions (peak load) should be taken into consideration. It is important for
the power supply infrastructure.
4. Earn “Quick Gain” for lowering future global warming impact.
To address climate change issues, quick actions are required.
We are confident that R32 technology is one of the solutions that can quickly
reduce greenhouse gas emissions from refrigerants, in both developed and
developing countries.
November 13th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.
DAIKIN
Thank you for your kind attention
February 18th, 2011
Daikin US