Framework Analysis
International
European
Spain – Barcelona
Italy – Genoa , Venice
France – Marseille
Greece - Thessaloniki
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International frame
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ORGANIZATIONS
• United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea (“UNCLOS”)
• International Maritime Organization's
(“IMO’s”)
• Sulphur Oxide Emission Control Areas
(“SECAs”)
• International Convention on the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(“MARPOL”)
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United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (“UNCLOS”)
 Gives flag states the primary authority to impose
environmental regulations (including those related to
air emissions) on marine sources through their
responsibility to enforce international laws.
 Sets out the basic legal framework that governs
international shipping. The Convention gives some
support for the control of air emissions (Article 212),
but this is balanced against the right of ships to
innocent passage without being subject to any
charges, except for services received.
 Rely to varying degrees on the monitoring of
emissions from ships.
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International Maritime
Organization's (“IMO’s”)
Responsible for the oversight of
international shipping activity
Rely to varying degrees on the
monitoring of emissions from ships.
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Sulphur Oxide Emission
Control Areas (“SECAs”)
Sets a global limit on fuel sulphur
content in the North Sea and the Baltic
Sea
Rely to varying degrees on the
monitoring of emissions from ships
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International Convention on
the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships (“MARPOL”)
Sets a global limit on fuel sulphur
content
Sets NOx emissions standards via the
IMO “NOx curve”
Rely to varying degrees on the
monitoring of emissions from ships.
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MARPOL CONVENTION
 Marpol 73/78 is the International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978.
("Marpol" is short for marine pollution and 73/78 short for the years
1973 and 1978.)
 Designed to minimize pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and
exhaust pollution.
 OBJECT to preserve the marine environment through the complete
elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the
minimization of accidental discharge of such substances.
 Entered into force on 2 October 1983. As of 31 December 2005, 136
countries, representing 98% of the world's shipping tonnage, are
parties to the Convention.
 All ships flagged under countries that are signatories to MARPOL are
subject to its requirements, regardless of where they sail, and member
nations are responsible for vessels registered under their respective
nationalities.
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EMISSION CONTROL AREAS
(ECA) BY MARPOL
Areas (ECA). An Emission Control Area can
be designated for SOx and PM, or NOx, or all
three types of emissions from ships, subject
to a proposal from a Party to Annex VI.
Baltic Sea (SOx, adopted: 1997 / entered into
force: 2005)
North Sea (SOx, 2005/2006)
North American ECA, including most of US and
Canadian coast (NOx & SOx, 2010/2012)
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MARPOL NOx EMISSION LIMITS
MARPOL SULFUR EMISSION LIMITS
European legislation on ambient
air quality and emissions
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Pollutant
Concentration
Averaging period
Legal nature
Fine articles (PM2.5)
25 µg/m3
1 year
Target value enters into force 1.1.2010
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2015
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
350 µg/m3
1 hour
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005
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125 µg/m3
24 hours
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005
3
200 µg/m3
1 hour
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010
18
40 µg/m3
1 year
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010*
Lead (Pb)
0.5 µg/m3
1 year
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 (or
1.1.2010 in the immediate vicinity of
specific, notified industrial sources;
and a 1.0 µg/m3 limit value applies
from 1.1.2005 to 31.12.2009)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
10 mg/m3
Maximum daily
8 hour mean
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005
Benzene
5 µg/m3
1 year
Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010**
Ozone
120 µg/m3
Maximum daily
8 hour mean
Target value enters into force 1.1.2010
Arsenic (As)
6 ng/m3
1 year
Target value enters into force 1.1.2012
Cadmium (Cd)
5 ng/m3
1 year
Target value enters into force 1.1.2012
Nickel (Ni)
20 ng/m3
1 year
Target value enters into force 1.1.2012
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
1 ng/m3
1 year
Target value enters into force 1.1.2012
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Permitted exceedences each year
25 days averaged over 3 years
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PM10 limits
Quality standards for
ambient air
duration
limit
tolerance
Deadline for compliance
with the limit
Phase 1
24hour limit for the
protection of human health
Annual limit value for the
protection of human health
24 hours
annual
50% the entry into force of
this Directive, decreasing
50 μg/m3 which should not
from 1/1/2001 and then
be exceeded more than 35
every 12 months at an
times per calendar year
annual rate equal to as
much as 0% on 1/1/2005
40 μg/m3
20the entry into force of this
Directive, decreasing from
1/1/2001 and then every 12
months at an annual rate
equal to as much as 0% on
1/1/2005
1/1/2005
1/1/2005
Phase 2
24hour limit for the
protection of human health
Annual limit value for the
protection of human health
24 hours
annual
50 μg/m3 τwhich should not Will be calculated based on
be exceeded more than 7
data and is equivalent to
times per calendar year
the limit of Stage 1
20 μg/m3
50% the entry into force of
this Directive, decreasing
from 1/1/2001 and then
every 12 months at an
annual rate equal to as
much as 0% on 1/1/2005
1/1/2010
1/1/2010
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new DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC
Depending on the value of AEI in 2010, a percentage reduction requirement
(0,10,15, or 20%) is set in the Directive. If AEI in 2010 is assessed to be over 22
µg/m3, all appropriate measures need to be taken to achieve 18 µg/m3 by 2020.
Title
Metric
Averaging period
Legal nature
20 µg/m3 (AEI)
Based on 3 year
average
Legally binding in 2015 (years
2013,2014,2015)
Based on 3 year
average
Reduction to be attained where
possible in 2020,
determined on the basis of
the value of exposure
indicator in 2010
PM2.5
Exposure
concentration
obligation
PM2.5
Exposure
reduction target
Percentage
reduction all
measures to
reach 18 µg/m3
(AEI)
Permitted
exceedences
each year
EU MARINE SULPHUR
DIRECTIVE 1999/32
 Ships in IMO Sulphur Emission Control Areas
must use 1.5 percent sulphur fuel or better –
starting with the Baltic Sea in May 2006, then
extending to the North Sea and Channel in
autumn 2007.
 All passenger vessels on regular services to
or from Community ports must use 1.5
percent sulphur fuel or better from May 2006
onward.
 Ships at berth in ports must use 0.1 percent
sulphur fuel or better from 2010 onward.
National legislation
in Spain
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Barcelona
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…Spain
 Adhesion Instrument to 1997 Protocol to
Marpol 73/78 Convention in 2004
 Law 34/2007 adopts provisions concerning
air quality and environmental protection
 General Direction of Environmental Quality
and Evaluation
 New royal decree to integrate the new
regulations on new pollutants
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National legislation
in France
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Marseille
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...France
Regional Plan for Air Quality: PRQA
Atmosphere Protection Plan: PPA
Urban Transport Plan: PDUr Quality:
PRQA
ADEME (Agency for the Environment
and for Energy Control)
(French Approved Association of Air
Quality Monitoring: AASQA)
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National legislation
in Italy
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Genoa
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Venice
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…Italy
10 year plan “Polluter Pay”
Venice Blue Flag
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National legislation in
Greece
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Thessaloniki
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 Directive 1996/62/EC on the assessment of the
quality of ambient air
 ΚΥΑ 3277/209 / 02.04.2000 (Gazette 180 Β/00).
Determination of general principles and relevant
agencies to assess and manage ambient air quality
 Directive 2000/69/EC relating to limit values for
benzene and carbon monoxide in ambient air
 Directive 2002/3/EC relating to ozone in ambient air
 ΠΥΣ 34/30-5-2002 (ΦΕΚ 125 A/02). Quality limit
values of air pollutants sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, particulate matter and lead
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