The New Deal
Chapter 15
“Too Far or Not Far Enough?”
Fighting for a New Deal
Chapter 15 Section 1
FDR worked
Direct
FDR
for Depression relief in NY
aid to poor
promised the country “A New Deal”
“contest between two philosophies of
government” – Hoover 10/32
FDR’s inauguration not until Mar.1933
FDR selected “Brain Trust” & created the
New Deal: RELIEF,RECOVERY,REFORM
FDR’s New Deal
FDR
won by over 7 million votes – many
just voting against Hoover
“The only thing we have to fear is ….
Restoring
Second
the nation’s hope
Bonus March
FDR and his Fireside Chats
Reassured the nation
Willingness to experiment
Eleanor traveled USA
The first Hundred Days: building confidence
Emergency Banking Act (3/33) – banks closed to
allow governmental inspections=Bank Holiday
Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 (banks=cautious)
FDIC* - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
($5,000)
Federal Securities Act (5/33) – required companies to
disclose information about stock
Securities and Exchange Commission – SEC*
Regulate
Stock Market and buying on margin
Rural Assistance
Saving homes and farms
Home
Owner’s Loan Corporation –
 One
million low-interest loans
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
 Subsidies
– AAA*
resulted in plowing under some crops to
raise prices
 TVA (TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY) – Five
dams were renovated & 20 new ones constructed.
 Provided flood control, hydroelectric power,etc.
Tennessee
Valley Authority – TVA* (jobs, flood
control, power, and recreation)
See Page 520
Work projects (cont…)
NIRA –
National Industrial Recovery Act
established:

National Recovery Administration (NRA*)
Regulated
wages, working conditions, production and
prices (labor unions the right to organize and bargain
collectively)

Public Works Administration (PWA*)
Grand
Coulee Dam
Connecting Key West
Relief:
Federal Emergency
Relief Administration –FERA
Home Owners Loan Corp.
Federal Housing Admin.
(FHA) continues today
Civil
Works Administration –
CWA
Jobs
to improve roads, parks
and other public facilities
Civilian
Conservation
Corps – CCC*
2.5
million young,
unmarried men to work
Environmental
improvements
$1 a day
Yosemite Plaque (above)
New Deal comes under Attack
No
significant economic improvement at
first. Critics started to surface
FDR’s reluctant Deficit Spending
NIRA and AAA declared unconstitutional
by Supreme Court in 1935
The
NRA unconstitutionally gave president
lawmaking powers
Conservative response: “American Liberty
League” fought New Deal programs in the
Courts (too socialist)
Republicans believed the New Deal went too
far
Taxes
on the wealthy and businesses increased
dislike of FDR – deficit spending
The
“Left” attacks: Progressives & Socialists
against New Deal programs- not fast enough
Father Charles
E. Coughlin
“Radio
Priest”/1st supported
Later denounced FDR
Anti-Semitic, Pro-Nazi
Dr. F. Townsend – pensions
Sen. Huey
Long of Louisiana
Governor
of Louisiana
Redistribution of Wealth
 Partly
Shot
why FDR taxed wealthy
in 1935
FDR’s Court Packing plan
Court-packing attempts
1937
court reform proposal by FDR
Increase number of Justices “to lighten their burden”
 With
those who would agree with FDR’s policies
Caused
political damage to FDR and he withdrew the
proposal
By
1939 the court did favor New Deal after retired
justices replaced
The Second New Deal
Chapter 15 Section 2
Second Hundred Days
in 1935
Eleanor Roosevelt –played key role reminding
FDR of needs of farmers & workers
Second Agricultural Adjustment Act
had many of
the features of the one struck down by the courts
 Needed
help to farmers and to save soil erosion
 Campaign for 1936 – Republicans nominated Gov. Alf
Landon (1st time Af.Am.voted Dem./ 1st time labor
unions endorsed a pres. – FDR)
Works Progress
Administration – WPA*
8
million jobs – lasted 8 years
Skilled and unskilled workers
Artists and journalists
Diego Rivera
Improving labor &other reforms
National Youth Admin. (NYA)
educ.,jobs,counseling & recreation
National Labor Relations Act – Wagner
Act*
Replaced
NIRA to protect worker’s rights to
collective bargaining
NLRB to enforce provisions
Social
Security Act in 1935
Old-age
and survivors’ benefits
Age
65
Farm and domestic workers not covered
(1954)
Unemployment
8
Aid
insurance
or more employees
for dependent children
Grants
supporting state programs
Public Utilities
Rural
Electrification – 1935 only 12.6 % of farms
Rural Electrification Admin.(REA) financed &
worked w/cooperatives to bring elect.
By 1945= 48% ---1949=90% had elect.
Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935aimed at financial corruption (holding companies)
Lobbyists made it difficult to enforce
New Deal Affects Many People
 Fair
Labor Standards Act
only covered 1\4 of workers
 Minimum
wage at 25 cents an
hour
 Most
New Deal agencies
less helpful to women and
minorities
 Even
so they supported FDR
New Deal/New Opportunities
Women-
Frances Perkins 1st Sec. of Labor had
major role in creating Social Security system
Eleanor encouraged him to appoint 2 female
diplomats & a female federal judge
Percentage of married women working went from
11.7% in 1930 to 15.6% in 1940
African-Americans Activism
 A.
Philip Randolph – organized 1st all black trade union –
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
 Mary McLeod Bethune- educator who headed the
Division of Negro Affairs of NYA , also headed the “Black
Cabinet”
 Eleanor Roosevelt played key role- flew with Tuskegee
Airmen, arranged for Marian Anderson to sing at Lincoln
Mem.
 FDR did not want to lose Dem. Voters in south, did not
approve fed. Anti-lynching law, poll tax.
End of the New Deal
 F.D.R.
re-elected in 1936
 Most Americans were still happy with Roosevelt
 Mexican Americans- some benefits, but in CA
deportations
 Native Americans some benefit/ Indian
Reorganization Act of 1934- tribal land, tribal gov.,
cultural control
 Rising national debt/ labor disputes
 Hard times continued into the 40’s
Mass Media and Culture of the 30’s
Chapter 15 Section 4
Creation of
mass media creates national
identity and culture
Radio, Movies and Records
Escape
from daily grind
Lindbergh
baby kidnapped (1932)
Hindenburg
(1937)
Orson Wells
“The War of the Worlds”
(1938 - broadcast)
Sports
Joe DiMaggio
Joe Louis takes the title
Jesse Owens 1936 Olympics
Frankenstein –
King
1931
Kong - 1933
Laurel and Hardy
Marx Bros.
W.C. Fields and baby Leroy
The Best Year for Movies 1939
Cab Calloway
Benny Goodman
Jimmy and Tommy
Dorsey
Minnie Pearl
Jimmy Rodger