Comparing Methods for the RealTime Measurement of Secondhand
Tobacco Smoke Particles
Neil E. Klepeis
Visiting Scholar, Stanford University,
Department of Statistics
http://Klepeis.Net
http://ExposureScience.Org
neil@klepeis.net
Background Issues:
Real-Time Particle Instruments
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Can these instruments be used to
characterize secondhand smoke?
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Are they sensitive?
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Are they convertible to standard
measures?
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Are they reliable and consistent?
Addressing the Issues
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Field Studies of Secondhand Smoke
Exposures
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Controlled Studies of Exposure Factors
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Controlled QA Studies Systematically
Comparing and Evaluating Instruments
The
Instruments
Real-Time Particle Monitoring
Instruments, Part I
A. Nephelometer
(Radiance)
B. Piezobalance
(TSI/Kanomax)
C. PAH
(Ecochem)
D. Laser Counter
(GRIMM)
E. CO (Langan)
Real-Time Particle Monitoring
Instruments, Part II
A. Laser Counter
(Met-One)
B. SidePak (TSI)
C. PC/DC
(Ecochem &
Siegmann)
D. Ultrafine 3007
CPC (TSI)
Reference Measure: Piezobalance Versus Filter Mass
for Cigarettes and Incense
Evolution of the Secondhand Smoke
Aerosol Size Distribution
Field
Exposure
Studies
Outdoor Restaurants and
Pubs with Smokers
A Cigar
Outdoor Hookah Restaurant
Cigarette Smoke
Blowing
Hookah Smoke
Into Monitors
Controlled
Exposure
Studies
Outdoor
Proximity
Experiments
Indoor-Outdoor Comparison
3D
Monitoring
Array to
Study
Outdoor
Proximity
and Wind
Effects
Automobile Monitoring
QA
Studies
Consistency and Correspondence
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Do different monitors of the same type match
each other?
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Does the same monitor react the same on different
days when using the same source and the same or
different environmental conditions?
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Can readings from one type of monitor be used to
predict those of another?
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Is the relationship between monitors of different
types the same under different conditions, time
scales, etc?
Four Suites of Side-by-Side
QA Experiments
(1). 31 Cigarette & Incense Experiments: Commercial
Location; Grimm, Ecochem, Filters, Piezobalance
(2). 7 Cigarette Experiments: Residential 44 m3
Bedroom; MIE DataRam, Ecochem, Piezobalance,
Humidity, Temperature
(3). 5 Cigarette Experiments: Residential 44 m3 Bedroom;
Grimm, Ecochem, Piezobalance, Nephelometers.
(4). 15 Cigarette Experiments: Residential 44 m3
Bedroom; Grimm, Ecochem, PC/DC, Piezobalance,
Nephelometers, SidePak, Humidity, Temperature
Suite 4 Bedroom Experiments
Are Two Instruments of the Same
Type Consistent?
Two Matched Piezobalances
Consistency Between Two Light
Scattering Instruments
Are Measurements Consistent
Across Experiments on
Different Days?
Can Measurements be Reliably
Converted to Respirable Particle
Mass (Piezobalance)?
SidePak Factory Calibration Certificate
Piezobalances and SidePak (Factory-Calibrated)
Elapsed Minutes
Piezobalance Versus SidePak Regression
Piezobalance and SidePak (Custom-Calibrated)
Non-Linear Effects
Summary and
Conclusions
Summary and Conclusions:
Instrument Evaluation
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Real-time instrument measurements can be related to standard
methods and are generally sensitive, consistent, dependable, and
quantitative indicators of tobacco smoke concentrations.
Matched instruments are very comparable, e.g., for use in studies
of relative exposures
Factory calibrations of aerosol monitors cannot be assumed to be
reliable for application to SHS
Two instruments analyzing different aerosol components and
sizes may have a nonlinear relationship when including both
fresh and aged aerosol
Light scattering instruments have a linear relationship to
respirable mass, with an associated conversion factor
Instrument responses and relationships vary by composition and
size of particle emissions
Relative humidity appears to have a small effect (50 to 75%)
Future Work on Real-Time
Particle Monitoring
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Formalize Central Tendency and
Variability in Instrument
Interconversion Factors
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More Side-by-Side Comparison of
Instrument Responses in the Field
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Consider Mixture of Cigarette Types
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Use Real Smokers
Upcoming Report on
Instrument Evaluation
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Detailed description of all experiments
Results of all instrument comparisons
Best estimates of instrument conversion
factors
Contact: neil@klepeis.net
Web: http://ExposureScience.Org
Last Words
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Real Time Methods Allow us to Identify
the Impact of Specific Minute-byMinute Changes in Environmental
Conditions and Human Behavior on
Exposure
Unique Tool to Judge the Effectiveness
of Exposure Reduction Measures
Immediate and Dramatic Feedback for
Interventions
Development of Educational Materials
Acknowledgements
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Wayne Ott, Stanford University
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James Repace, Repace Associates
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Paul Switzer, Stanford University
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Lynn Hildemann, Stanford University
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California Proposition 99, UCSF
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Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program of
California (TRDRP)
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Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute
(FAMRI) in Miami, FL
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency