Technological, Economical and Ecological
Role of Agricultural Mechanization
in
Sustainable Viticulture
Anıl GÜCÜYEN
Department of Agricultural Machinery
Ege University Faculty of Agriculture
İzmir-TURKEY
Contents
•
Comperative Values
•
Climate of Turkey
•
The Main Prospects and Challanges of the Mechanization
•
General Analysis of Operational Mechanization Costs
•
Cultural Operations
Soil Tillage
Pruning
Removing Pruning Waste
Fertilization
Plant Protection
Irrigation
Harvesting
•
Conculusion
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Grape output in 2005 shown as a
percenteage of the top producer
(Italy 8 553 580 tonnes)
Where is
TURKEY?
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Some General Indicators
•Agricultural area
•Use of agricultural area
•Agricultural regions
•Farm size
•Employment
•Trade of agricultural goods
•Viticulture and Viniculture regions of Turkey
•Most important wine varieties in Turkey
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Vineyard Areas of Some Countries
8000
7400
7000
6000
5000
3690
4000
3000
2000
1200
(1000 ha)
Bulgaria
S. Africa
Greece
Chile
Argentina
Portugal
Iran
320 315 223 219
178 82 113 107
USA
China
550 483
Turkey
France
Spain
EU 27 +
0
World
1000
755
Italy
842
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Fresh Grape Production of Some Countries
70000
68953
60000
50000
40000
30000
26936
20000
ge n
nt
in
a
Ch
S. il e
Af
r
Po ica
rt u
g
G al
re
e
Bu ce
lg
ar
ia
4000 2964 2881
2250 1550 973 897
266
Ira
6693 6402 6375 6094
W
or
EU l d
27
+
Ita
Fr ly
an
ce
Sp
ai
n
Ch
in
a
US
Tu A
rk
ey
0
1000 ton
Ar
10000
8326
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Climate of Turkey
Annual Average Precipitation of Turkey
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Climate of Turkey
Long Term Mean Temperature of Turkey
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Climate of Turkey
Precipitation
Temperature
Monthly variation of the temperature and the precipitation
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Avaliable Field-Working-Days in March and April
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Avaliable Field-Working-Days in May and June
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Avaliable Field-Working-Days in September, October, November
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Mechanization as an Instrument for Sustainable Viticulture
• In technical perspective, realization of necessary processes in best
manner and most appropriate frame,
• In an economic perspective, minimization of costs without quality
losses and overcoming operational bottlenecks related to planning,
• In an ecological perspective, solutions to problems like soil
compaction, water management, environmental and residue in
spraying.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
The Main Prospects and Challanges of the Mechanization
•Reduction of energy consumption
•Reduction of fuel consumption
•Reduction of time requirement
•Reduction of work hours
•Reduction of field traffic
•Optimum Fertilizing
•Optimum Spraying
•Optimum Irrigation
•Use of spatial data for precise farming
•Increasing the farm scale
•Increasing the efficiency in machine use
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
OPERATION
OPERATION TIME
and (REPETATION)
CULTURAL
OPERATION
General Analysis of
Operational
Mechanization Costs
UNIT COST
(Euro/ha)
TOTAL
COST
(Euro/ha)
SHARE
(%)
( 1€ = 2TL )
Soil Tillage
December-July (6)
21,5 TL/da
107,5 €/ha
1290 TL/ha
645 €/ha
36,3
Pruning
December- February (1)
25 TL/da
125 €/ha
250 TL/ha
125 €/ha
7,0
Transport of
Pruning Waste
December- February (1)
7 TL/da
35 €/ha
70 TL/ha
35 €/ha
1,9
Branch
Binding
December- February (1)
9 TL/da
45 €/ha
90 TL/ha
45 €/ha
2,5
Green Pruning
May-June (1)
13 TL/da
65 €/ha
130 TL/ha
65 €/ha
3,7
Fertilizing
November-March (2)
11,5 TL/da
57,5 €/ha
230 TL/ha
115 €/ha
6,5
Spraying
February-July (6)
10,4 TL/da
52 €/ha
624 TL/ha
312 €/ha
17,6
Irrigation
May-July (3)
9 TL/da
45 €/ha
270 TL/ha
135 €/ha
7,6
Harvesting
August-September
38 TL/da
190 €/ha
380 TL/ha
190 €/ha
10,7
22 TL/da
110 €/ha
220 TL/ha
110 €/ha
6,2
3554 TL/ha
1777 €/ha
100
Miscellaneous
TOTAL
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Cultural Operations
Soil Tillage
Pruning+ Green Pruning
Transport of Pruning Waste
Branch Binding
Fertilizing
Spraying
Irrigation
Harvesting
Miscellaneous
Cost Share (%)
36,3
10,7
1,9
2,5
6,5
17,6
7,6
10,7
6,2
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Soil Tillage
The in-row and interrow soil tillage is the
main operation during the
winter, repeated up to 8
times a year for rain
water
storage,
weed
control
and
airation.
Conventional
ploughs,
discharrows,
rotary
tillers and tineharrows,
subsoilers are the most
used equipments for soil
cultivation. Soil tillage is
the most costly operation
because
of
improper
machinery and multiple
passes.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Soil Tillage
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Pruning
There
are
some
differences
between the pruning methods in
according to production targets and
the quality of grapes depend on also
pruning efficiency besides other
influential factors. Generally hand
devices such as knives, scissors and
saws are used. This method is simple
but is not economic and ergonomic.
In last years there is a tendence for
electrical-pneumatic-automatic
devices for this purpose. They
increase the work capacity app. 40 %.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Pruning
Self propelled machines and high-tech pruning methods are only
suitable for new wine grape plantations and there are few examples
in Turkey. First calculations on pruning expences per area show a
decrease about 30-50%, although the purchase price of such
system-tractors are rather high.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Removing Pruning Waste
The pruning waste is not prefered to be mixed with soil because
of bacterial disease danger. Generally this waste is removed with
special rakes and trailers.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Fertilization
Only in one year fertilizer prices are doubled or even trippled
in Turkey. For that reason, distribution of plant nutrients are
much more important than ever before.
Fertilizer Prices (€/kg)
August’07
August’08
% Increase
Amonyum Sülfat (%21N)
0,38
0,76
100
Amonyum Nitrat (%26N)
0,34
0,65
91,1
Amonyum Nitrat (%33N)
0,42
0,90
114,2
Üre (%46 N)
0,63
1,32
109,5
DAP (%18 N, %46 P2O5)
0,75
2,10
180,0
Kompoze 20-20-0
0,53
1,38
160,3
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Fertilization
As the performance of surface spreaders are not sufficient
and not ideal for homogeneus distribution, undersoil fertilization
must be prefered. This machine is much more efficient and saves
about 30% fertilizer, although the time requirement is little
higher.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Plant Protection
Generally in small vineyards, hand and snapneck pulverizators are
used, wheras mainly tractor mounted or trailed machines prefered
in larger areas.
Pesticide application
Herbicide application
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Plant Protection
Under the unsuitable conditions, sprayed chemicals do not
reach the target surface but pollute air and soil along with
economic and ecologic problems.
Spraying costs can be reduced up to 60 % with assistance of
appropriate design, construction, nozzle type, air velocity and
operation pressure.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Plant Protection
Special purpose side spraying, or system-tractors and their
spraying attachments are not in use, except a few new established
vineyards for wine production.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Irrigation
The efficiency of irrigation and total costs depend on;
•Water source
•Irrigation method
•Irrigation area
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Irrigation
Border irrigation needs much
more water, manpower, time and
as a result higher cost.
Although
higher
capital
demand at the beginning, the
water and energy costs of drip
irrigation are approximately
20-40% lower.
Moreover this system can be
used for fertilization.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Inventive Solutions !!!!
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Harvesting
All vineyards in the region are harvested manually.
Such rear boxes reduce
in-farm transport costs
up to 40%, compared to
hand-baskets.
The vineyards are mostly optimal
preperad for harvest operations,
but sometimes such unusual bed
examples can be seen.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Harvesting
For raisin production, the next steps are dipping and
drying in open air before industrial manipulations. Also
these steps are done manually.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Harvesting
The high-tech in harvesting with various methods have
just been introduced to Turkey. Althougt the existed
vineyards are not suitable for such solutions, new wine
grape farms are interested with these, while the real
“Kilogram” or “Hectare” costs are calculated 20-40% lower
and can be harvested just in time.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
CONCULUSION
Estimated costs and investment analysis related to the
production of grapes highly depend on different single cases.
The main bottle-necks in Turkey for higher productivity and
lower unit costs are;
•Farm sizes are too small,
•Farm areas have fragmented structure,
•Vine shapes are varying and they have different systems,
•In-row and inter-row spaces are variying too much,
•Financal instruments for the small-scale farms are limited,
which make mechanization really difficult if not impossible. But
it must be seen all these discussions are not only for todays
questions, but especially for new vineyards of tomorrow, so that
we will not have the same problems in the future.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
THANK
THANK YOU
YOU