REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR CONDITIONING IN
INDIA- CAMPAIGN FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT
Information to enable accelerated HC-AC uptake in
India
We Will Go Through
1. About US
2. Project Outline: Reducing Emissions From Air Conditioners In India
3. Project Details: Well Targeted Approach
4. Air Conditioning Sector Analysis
5. Analysis Of HC-AC And Conventional Acs
6. Individual Energy And GHG Mitigation Potential
7. Pan India Energy And GHG Mitigation Potential
Slide Number
3
5
8
13
19
29
31
Technical Part
8. AC Refrigerants Analysis
9. Physical And Chemical Properties Of R290
10. Safety Measures For Natural Refrigerant R290
11. Examples Of R290 ACs Manufactures And Used In India And Other Parts Of World
12. Special Features, Specifications And Technical Support For Safety Measure By Godrej
13. Assumptions
14. References
cBalance Solutions Hub
37
45
46
57
61
62
63
2
1. INTRODUCTION
A. NOE21
is an independent association of public utility founded in 2003 and based in Geneva, whose mission
is to identify, evaluate and promote solutions to climate change, with a constructive approach.
Noé21 is a member of the Alliance for Climate, the European Office of Environment and Climate
Action Network Europe CAN-E. Noé21 is accredited to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
cBalance Solutions Hub
3
1. INTRODUCTION
B. CBALANCE SOLUTION HUB PVT. LTD.
is a knowledge-centric climate change tool-building, analysis, and solutions hub and is the Indiapartner organization selected by Noé21 to design and operationalize the accelerated Natural
Refrigerant AC uptake project in India.
cBalance Solutions Hub
4
2. PROJECT OUTLINE: REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR
CONDITIONERS IN INDIA
A. OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT
a. HFC Emissions Of AC Will Be An Important Part of Global GHG Emissions
• Currently, 2,5 million household Air Conditioners (ACs) are sold annually in India.
• A major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions is synthetic refrigerant gases (fluorinated, or "f"
gases),like CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs mostly used in refrigerators and air conditioners.
• The use of f-gases worldwide is booming. While the first two generations of f-gases (CFCs and
HCFCs) are set to be eliminated under the UN's Montreal protocol to protect the ozone layer, the
third generation of F gases, HFCs are quickly being phased in.
• HFCs, like previous gases chosen to replace CFCs, are harmless for the ozone layer but are mega
greenhouse gases.
• If nothing is done to reduce the spread of HFCs, this gas could account for 20 to 40% of all carbon
equivalent emissions by 2050.
• Fluorocarbons are Potent Industrial Global warming Gases (PIGGs), responsible for 12.9% of
manmade global warming.[1]
cBalance Solutions Hub
5
2. PROJECT OUTLINE: REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR
CONDITIONERS IN INDIA
A. OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT
a. HFC Emissions Of AC Will Be An Important Part of Global GHG Emissions
cBalance Solutions Hub
6
2. PROJECT OUTLINE: REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR
CONDITIONERS IN INDIA
A. OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT
a. HFC Emissions Of AC Will Be An Important Part of Global GHG Emissions
cBalance Solutions Hub
7
2. PROJECT OUTLINE: REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR
CONDITIONERS IN INDIA
A. OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT
a. HFC Emissions Of AC Will Be An Important Part of Global GHG Emissions
cBalance Solutions Hub
8
2. PROJECT OUTLINE: REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR
CONDITIONERS IN INDIA
b. Natural Refrigerants - A Possible Alternative
•With natural refrigerant compatible appliances arriving on the market, a replacement for f gases is
now available.
• The impact on global warming by each molecule is 300 times lower than the least harmful f gas
and 1100 times less harmful than average f gases, which currently monopolize the AC sector.
•ACs with conventional refrigerant which currently monopolizes the market have an average GWP
of 1700 and Alternative refrigerants (HC-AC) have an average GWP of 3
cBalance Solutions Hub
9
2. PROJECT OUTLINE: REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR
CONDITIONERS IN INDIA
B. PROMOTION OF HC-AC
•Promoting cleaner and more efficient ACs that are starting to be commercialized in India by an
Indian manufacturer as a world première. Even though the new generation of ACs, running on
natural refrigerants (HC), have a one year payback period for their 10% increase in initial cost, even
though they reduce running costs by at least 20% as compared to best in class available ACs, their
uptake needs to be helped by a campaign that will make the alternative known in decisive sectors
of the economy.
•To make the market introduction of natural gas ACs a success in India, Noe21 believes a parallel
marketing campaign needs to be installed to forward the green and energy efficient added value
the new ACs offer. To forward this message, environmental NGOS are the most credible opinion
emitters available. Every manufacturer nowadays presents its product as environmentally friendly,
so it makes things difficult for opinion makers and consumers to make a difference. This is why
Noe21 is teaming up with Indian Environmental NGO (ENGO) to lead a green push making the right
choice in AC buying a climate issue as well as a wallet issue.
cBalance Solutions Hub
10
3. PROJECT DETAILS: WELL TARGETED APPROACH
A THREE-WAY APPROACH
Practitioners
Decision
Makers
Educators
Increased
HC-AC
Uptake
Primary Aim: influence Decision Makers
2nd Priority: influence practitioners and educators
cBalance Solutions Hub
11
3. PROJECT DETAILS: WELL TARGETED APPROACH
A. THREE DIMENSIONAL STRATEGY FOR EDUCATION
• Architectural Students
Community
• Architecture colleges
Targets
Method
• Technical knowledge dissemination
• Incorporation of HC-AC related content in building energy efficiency, climate
change impact related curricula
cBalance Solutions Hub
12
3. PROJECT DETAILS: WELL TARGETED APPROACH
B. THREE DIMENSIONAL STRATEGY FOR PRACTITIONERS
• Architects/Designers with a propensity to engage in dialog and
Community
Targets
Method
experiment with new ideas in sustainable habitats
• Young architects/urban planners forums
• Sustainable Architecture Forums
• Knowledge sessions, direct mailers of informational material about HC-ACs
from project team + aligned HVAC Consultants on specifics of HC-AC
installation, operational benefits and case studies
• Resource portal for continual learning for architects.
cBalance Solutions Hub
13
3. PROJECT DETAILS: WELL TARGETED APPROACH
C. THREE DIMENSIONAL STRATEGY FOR DECISION MAKERS
•
Community
Targets
Cluster consumers of ACs – with one of 3 motivations:1) energy conscious
to reduce operating costs, 2) reducing corporate carbon footprint, 3) green-image project
• Banks/ATMs - currently reporting carbon footprint voluntarily
• Eco-tels and Sustainable Tourism Enterprises – green-image projection
• Large Builder/Developers
• Self-financed Pilot installations at Eco-tels, Bank ATMs
Method
• ESCO Company Creation with BEE approved ESCO’s for fully-financed deployment of HC-ACs
as retrofits in SME offices, Educational Institutions, Government Procurement Agencies.
• Targeted and concerted effort to educate key HVAC consultants in the residential real-estate
construction sector of India
cBalance Solutions Hub
14
3. PROJECT DETAILS: WELL TARGETED APPROACH
D. THREE COMPLEMENTARY APPROACHES
Advocacy
Research
Incorporation of HC-AC
Related educational
material in
Architectural Design
Curricula
Assess HC-AC ESCO
feasibility, profitability,
implement ability
Engagement with
Business Schools to
develop Incubationcells for HC-AC ESCOBusiness Plans
ESCO Gap or GOTWANT analysis
Influencing Sustainable
Architects, HVAC
Consultant practices
through information
dissemination/direct
contact
Identify aligned ESCO
partners, key
stakeholders
cBalance Solutions Hub
Demonstration
Voluntary non-ESCO
supported HC-AC Adoption by
large townships,
builder/developers, green
banks, sustainable tourism
hotels
Launch of pilot-scale
business-plan competition
winner-operated HC-AC
ESCO in collaboration with
large BEE certified ESCO’s
15
4. AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR ANALYSIS
A. CURRENT / FUTURE TREND OF ROOM ACS
MARKET DISTRIBUTION
The Trend Goes From Window To Split 1.5 Ton Units
AC TYPE
2011
2012
2015
Window - 1 ton
46%
9%
9%
Window - 1.5 ton
22%
9%
9%
Window - 2 ton
10%
9%
9%
Split - 1 ton
12%
12%
12%
Split - 1.5 ton
6%
46%
46%
Split - 2 ton
4%
15%
15%
cBalance Solutions Hub
16
4. AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR ANALYSIS
B. CURRENT / FUTURE TREND OF CONVENTIONAL ROOM ACS EQUIVALENT EER
(KW COOLING/KW POWER)
EER Values are based on Indian Average Star Rating Values for Specific
AC Type for a given Year
AC TYPE
2011
2012
2015
Window - 1 ton
2.73
2.78
2.82
Window - 1.5 ton
2.77
2.82
2.87
Window - 2 ton
2.86
2.91
2.96
Split - 1 ton
2.96
3.01
3.06
Split - 1.5 ton
2.96
3.01
3.06
Split - 2 ton
2.95
3.00
3.05
cBalance Solutions Hub
17
4. AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR ANALYSIS
C. COMPETITION ANALYSIS
a. Market Analysis
• Total Market Volume (Units)
•
•
2011
2031
3,125,889
21,076,950
Split AC Relative Sales Volume
1 ton
1.5 ton
2 ton
17%
63%
21%
Overall Market Share
LG
Daikin
Hitachi
Samsung
Voltas
21.5%
23.4%
23.4%
11.9%
19.9%
cBalance Solutions Hub
18
4. AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR ANALYSIS
•
•
•
Window AC Unit Type Sales Share
LG
Daikin
Hitachi
Samsung
Voltas
Industry
Avg.
30%
20%
28%
15%
34%
26%
Split AC Unit Type Sales Share
LG
Daikin
Hitachi
Samsung
Voltas
Industry
Avg.
70%
80%
72%
85%
66%
74%
Split AC Usage Sales Share
Residential - 2011
Commercial - 2011
60%
40%
cBalance Solutions Hub
19
4. AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR ANALYSIS
C.COMPETITION ANALYSIS
b. Existing Stock Analysis
AC Type Share - Existing Stock 2011
Split - 2 ton
Split - 1.5 4%
ton
6%
Split - 1 ton
12%
Window - 1 ton
46%
Window - 2 ton
10%
Window - 1.5 ton
22%
cBalance Solutions Hub
20
4. AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR ANALYSIS
C.COMPETITION ANALYSIS
c. Annual Sales Share
AC Type - Annual Sales Share
(2012 onwards)
Split - 2 ton
15%
Window - 1.5 ton
9%
Window 1 ton
9%
Window - 2 ton
9%
Split - 1.5 ton
46%
cBalance Solutions Hub
Split - 1 ton
12%
21
5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs
A. EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
a. Power Consumption Comparison
- Coventional vs. Hydrocarbon ACs - (watts - W)
Conventional ACs
HC ACs
2,473
1,917
2,403
1,901
1,901
1,796
1,426
1,426
1,298
1,197
951
Window - 1 ton
951
Window - 1.5 ton
Window - 2 ton
Split - 1 ton
cBalance Solutions Hub
Split - 1.5 ton
Split - 2 ton
22
5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs
A. EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
b. Energy Efficiency Ratio Comparison
- Coventional vs. Hydrocarbon ACs - (EER - kW cooling/kW power)
Conventional ACs
3.70
2.71
Window - 1 ton
3.70
2.75
Window - 1.5 ton
HC ACs
3.70
2.84
Window - 2 ton
3.70
2.94
Split - 1 ton
cBalance Solutions Hub
3.70
2.94
Split - 1.5 ton
3.70
2.93
Split - 2 ton
23
5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs
Window - 2 ton
Split - 1 ton
GHG, kg CO2e, 898
Cost, INR, 2,643
Split - 1.5 ton
Energy, kWh, 289
GHG, kg CO2e, 669
Cost, INR, 1,949
Energy, kWh, 213
GHG, kg CO2e, 446
Cost, INR, 1,299
Energy, kWh, 142
GHG, kg CO2e, 948
Cost, INR, 3,011
Window - 1.5 ton
Energy, kWh, 329
GHG, kg CO2e, 756
Cost, INR, 2,589
Window - 1 ton
Energy, kWh, 283
GHG, kg CO2e, 518
Energy, kWh, 200
Cost, INR, 1,829
B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS
a. Annual Savings Energy, Cost and GHG by HC-AC
1. From AC Technology Switch - Residential Scenario – Low Usage
Split - 2 ton
Conservation estimates for residential systems based on Electricity Tariff ~ Rs. 9.16/kWh (expensive unit charge in Mumbai), Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity
Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC AC
Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when chosing natural
refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives. Annual Usage = 575 hrs/year
cBalance Solutions Hub
24
5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs
Window - 2 ton
Split - 1 ton
GHG, kg CO2e, 1,139
Cost, INR, 4,412
Split - 1.5 ton
Energy, kWh, 482
GHG, kg CO2e, 847
Cost, INR, 3,254
Energy, kWh, 355
GHG, kg CO2e, 565
Cost, INR, 2,169
Energy, kWh, 237
GHG, kg CO2e, 1,223
Cost, INR, 5,027
Window - 1.5 ton
Energy, kWh, 549
GHG, kg CO2e, 993
Cost, INR, 4,322
Window - 1 ton
Energy, kWh, 472
GHG, kg CO2e, 685
Energy, kWh, 333
Cost, INR, 3,053
B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS
a. Annual Savings of Energy, Cost and GHG by HC-AC
2. From AC technology Switch - Residential Scenario – High Usage
Split - 2 ton
Conservation estimates for residential systems based on Electricity Tariff ~ Rs. 9.16/kWh (expensive unit charge in Mumbai), Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity
Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC AC
Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when chosing natural
refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives. Annual Usage = 960 hrs/year
cBalance Solutions Hub
25
5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs
B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS
a. Annual Savings of Energy, Cost and GHG by HC-AC
3. From AC technology Switch - Commercial Scenario – Low Usage
Conservation estimates based on - Electricity Tariff ~ Rs. 10.91/kWh (expensive unit charge in Mumbai) Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C
Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC-AC
Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when choosing natural refrigerant ACs with
EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives Annual Usage = 2000 hrs/year
cBalance Solutions Hub
26
5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs
Window - 2 ton
Split - 1 ton
GHG, kg CO2e, 2,419
Cost, INR, 16,423
Split - 1.5 ton
Energy, kWh, 1,505
GHG, kg CO2e, 1,790
Cost, INR, 12,110
Energy, kWh, 1,110
GHG, kg CO2e, 1,194
Cost, INR, 8,073
Energy, kWh, 740
GHG, kg CO2e, 2,681
Cost, INR, 18,711
Window - 1.5 ton
Energy, kWh, 1,715
GHG, kg CO2e, 2,246
Cost, INR, 16,087
Window - 1 ton
Energy, kWh, 1,475
GHG, kg CO2e, 1,571
Cost, INR, 11,364
Energy, kWh, 1,042
B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS
a. Annual Savings of Energy, Cost and GHG by HC-AC
4. From AC Technology Switch - Commercial Scenario – High Usage
Split - 2 ton
Conservation estimates based on - Electricity Tariff ~ Rs. 10.91/kWh (expensive unit charge in Mumbai) Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including
AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC-AC
Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when choosing natural refrigerant
ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives Annual Usage = 3000 hrs/year
cBalance Solutions Hub
27
5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs
Window - 1 ton
Window - 1.5 ton
Rep.- Low Use
8.8
8.8
14.8
15.2
14.7
3.9
6.6
10.0
15.5
25.4
25.8
16.7
13.3
17.1
22.3
10.1
6.1
5.4
9.0
11.6
12.1
19.4
20.2
28.5
B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS
b. Payback Period
1. From AC Technology Switch - Residential Scenario
Window - 2 ton
Rep. - High Use
Split - 1 ton
New - Low Use
Split - 1.5 ton
Split - 2 ton
New - High Use
Conservation estimates for residential systems based on :- Electricity Tariff ~ Rs. 9.16/kWh (expensive unit charge in Mumbai) Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh
(including AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC-AC
Technology switch : new purchases: purchase of HC-AC versus conventional ACs when in the market for a new AC (i.e. payback defined as 'incremental' cost payback)
replacement: purchase of HC-AC to overhaul functional ACs when (i.e. payback defined as total initial cost payback) Low Usage: 575 hrs/year, High Usage: 960
hrs/year
cBalance Solutions Hub
28
5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs
B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS
b. Payback Period
Window - 1 ton
Window - 1.5 ton
Rep.- Low Use
2.4
2.4
3.6
4.1
3.5
4.2
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.4
2.2
2.4
2.7
4.0
4.6
3.6
3.1
3.3
4.7
4.9
5.4
6.1
6.2
6.9
2. From AC Technology Switch - Commercial Scenario
Window - 2 ton
Rep. - High Use
Split - 1 ton
New - Low Use
Split - 1.5 ton
Split - 2 ton
New - High Use
Conservation estimates based on- Electricity Tariff ~ Rs. 10.91/kWh (expensive unit charge in Mumbai) Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for
India Avg. Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC-AC
Technology switch : new purchases: purchase of HC-AC versus conventional ACs when in the market for a new AC (i.e. payback defined as 'incremental' cost payback)
replacement: purchase of HC-AC to overhaul functional ACs when (i.e. payback defined as total initial cost payback)
Low Usage: 2000 hrs/year, High Usage: 3000 hrs/year
cBalance Solutions Hub
29
5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs
Window - 2 ton
Energy Emissions
538.2
Split - 1 ton
Split - 1.5 ton
2,763.3
403.7
1,548.9
Window - 1.5 ton
688.4269.1
1,653.7
Window - 1 ton
2,843.7
746.2 269.1
403.7
538.2
B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS
c. Energy v/s Non-Energy Emissions
1. From AC Technology Switch - Residential Scenario – Kg of CO2e/Year
Split - 2 ton
Non-Energy Emissions
Conservation estimates for residential systems based on Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs.
0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC-AC
cBalance Solutions Hub
30
5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs
Window - 1 ton
Window - 1.5 ton
Energy Emissions
Split - 1 ton
14,417.2
403.7
3,591.6269.1
Window - 2 ton
8,081.1
14,836.6
8,628.0
3,893.2 269.1
403.7
538.2
B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS
c. Energy Vs. Non-Energy Emissions
2. From AC Technology Switch - Commercial Scenario – Kg of CO2e/Year
Split - 1.5 ton
Split - 2 ton
Non-Energy Emissions
GHG Emissions based on:
Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs.
0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC-AC
cBalance Solutions Hub
31
6. INDIVIDUAL ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL
TREMENDOUS POTENTIAL IN A TYPICAL HOTEL
Energy and GHG saving from AC Technology Switch
1,339
402
49
Homes
104
Cars
Ceiling Fans
Light Bulbs
Energy and GHG Mitigation potential represented as equivalent number of homes, cars, ceiling fans and light bulbs that can be operated through the
avoided energy consumption
Technology switch comprises Energy and GHG mitigation from replacement with natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives
for a typical hotel With 50 split units ACs and installed capacity ~ 76TR
cBalance Solutions Hub
32
6. INDIVIDUAL ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL
TREMENDOUS POTENTIAL IN A TYPICAL BANK
Energy and GHG saving from AC Technology Switch
385
96
12
Homes
25
Cars
Ceiling Fans
Light Bulbs
Energy and GHG Mitigation potential represented as equivalent number of homes, cars, ceiling fans and light bulbs that can be operated through the
Avoided energy consumption
Technology switch comprises Energy and GHG mitigation from replacement with natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives
for a typical bank with 12 split units ACs and installed capacity ~18 TR
cBalance Solutions Hub
33
7. PAN INDIA ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL
MORE THAN 4400 GWh ANNUAL ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL BY AIR CONDITIONER
TECHNOLOGY SWITCH in 2011-2012
(in million units - '000000 kWh)
Residential Replacements
Residential New Purchases
Commercial Replacements
Commercial New Purchases
2,458
1,018
707
293
Replacements: defined as total conservation potential from replacement of existing AC stock (2011-2012) with natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70
New Purchases: defined as annual conservation from 2012 onwards when Choosing natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives
cBalance Solutions Hub
34
7. PAN INDIA ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL
8,100,000 TONS ANNUAL GHG SAVING POTENTIAL BY AIR CONDITIONER
TECHNOLOGY SWITCH in 2011-2012
(in '000 tonnes CO2e)
Residential Replacements
Commercial Replacements
Residential New Purchases
Commercial New Purchases
3,714
1,845
1,625
895
Replacements: defined as total conservation potential from replacement of existing Room AC stock (2011-2012) with natural refrigerant split ACs with EER of 3.70
New Purchases: defined as annual conservation from 2012 onwards when choosing Natural refrigerant split ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU Room AC s
cBalance Solutions Hub
35
7. PAN INDIA ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL
EXPLOSIVE GHG SAVING POTENTIAL IN AN EXPLOSIVE MARKET
87%
48%
13%
2012
2021
2031
GHG Mitigation Target for India defined as commitment made to COP-15 of UNFCCC - reducing GHG Intensity of GDP by 25% by 2020
i.e. . 64 million tonnes [13] CO2e/year
Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when choosing natural refrigerant ACs with EER
of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives
cBalance Solutions Hub
36
7. PAN INDIA ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL
AC TECHNOLOGY SWITCH v/s DIFFERENT ENERGY EFFICIENCY SCHEMES –
'NATIONAL MISSION FOR ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY' PROGRAMS
BLY
PAT
DSM
85%
80%
BLY : Bachat Lamp Yojana
PAT : Perform Achieve Trade Scheme
DSM : Demand Side Management Program
58%
44%
47%
32%
12%
13%
9%
2012
2021
2031
National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency envisages 6000 MW[10], 5,623 MW[11] and 8,335 MW [12] avoided power generation from Bachat Lamp Yojna (BLY),
Industrial Energy Efficiency (PAT Scheme), and Other Demand Side Management Programmes – including Agri DSM and Super Efficient Equipment
Programmes, respectively
Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and Commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when choosing natural refrigerant Acs
with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives
cBalance Solutions Hub
37
7. PAN INDIA ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL
AIR CONDITIONER TECHNOLOGY SWITCH CAN SAVE 20 POWER PLANTS IN 2031
Homes or Cars in lakhs, Power Plants - Nos.)
Cars, 622
Cars, 342
Homes, 245
Homes, 136
Cars, 90
Homes, 37
Power Plants, 20
Power Plants, 11
Power Plants, 3.0
2012
2021
2031
Energy conservation potential represented as equivalent number of avoided power plants, and homes or cars that can be operated through the avoided
energy consumption from technology switch
Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when choosing natural refrigerant ACs with
EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives
cBalance Solutions Hub
38
TECHNICAL PART
cBalance Solutions Hub
39
8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS
A. SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL REFRIGERANTS FOR AC
•Several Alternative Refrigerants are available
•Many refrigerant options are not suitable for A/Cs and Some fall under HCFC and CFC
Categories
•Most significant replacement of R22 in most applications are identified within the following
groups here in the table[2]
SYNTHETIC
REFRIGERANT
NATURAL REFRIGERANT
Saturated HFC
Component
HC
Component
Carbon Di
Oxide
Ammonia
R410A
R290
R744
R717
R32
R1270
cBalance Solutions Hub
40
8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS
A. SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL REFRIGERANTS FOR AC
Source: Hydrocarbon Refrigerants For Room Air Conditioners, Daniel Colbourne, for GIZ Proklima, March 2011
cBalance Solutions Hub
41
8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS
B. THE PRINCIPAL CRITERIA FOR REFRIGERANT GAS
Different refrigerant options of ACs are compared with each other on three main
characteristics which are
• Environmental
• Safety
• Efficiency
• Price
cBalance Solutions Hub
42
8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS
B. THE PRINCIPAL CRITERIA FOR REFRIGERANT GAS
1. Environmental Perspective[3]
Natural Refrigerants (Green Coloured) Are Best
Refrigerants
R22 – Chloro Difloro Methane
Atmospheric Ozone Depletion Global Warming
Life (Years)
Potential
Potential (100 Year
Integration)
11.9
0.034
1700
0
2000
0
550
R290 – Propane
0
3.3[16]
R1270 – Propylene
0
1.8[16]
0
1
0
0
R410A – R32/R125 – 50:50
R32 – Methylene Fluoride
R744 – Carbon Dioxide
5
>50
R717 – Ammonia
cBalance Solutions Hub
43
8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS
B. THE PRINCIPAL CRITERIA FOR REFRIGERANT GAS
2. Safety Perspective [3]
Natural Refrigerants Need Some Precautions
Refrigerant Type
Safety
Lower Toxicity, Lower Flammability - Safety Factor A2
HFC R32
Changes to System Construction must be addressed
HFC R410A
Lower Toxicity, Non Flammability - Safety Factor A1
Changes to System Construction must be addressed
Lower Toxicity, Higher Flammability - Safety Factor A3
HC R290 and R1270
Ammonia R717
Carbon Dioxide R744
Changes to System Construction must be addressed and reduce
charge size to mitigate flammability Risk
Higher Toxicity, Lower Flammability - Safety Factor B2
Specially for Indirect Systems or Direct Systems in unoccupied spaces
(store-rooms), Needs Specialized Design Work
Lower Toxicity, Non Flammability - Safety Factor A1
Restriction in application, has higher operating pressures so cannot
be used in existing systems. Supercritical cycle demands expert
design
cBalance Solutions Hub
44
8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS
B. THE PRINCIPAL CRITERIA FOR REFRIGERANT GAS
3. Efficiency Perspective [3]
Natural Refrigerants Are Energy Efficient
Parameters
R22
R290
R1270
R410A
R32
Volumetric Refrigerating
Effect (KJ/m3)
4359
3716
4643
6275
6824
Relative to R22 (%)
0
-15
2
44
57
Discharge Temperature
(Deg C)
95
77
83
92
111
Relative to R22 (Deg C)
0
-18
-13
-3
15
Coefficient of
Performance (KW/KW)
4.23
4.28
4.21
3.96
3.98
Relative to R22 (%)
0
1
-1
-6
-6
Efficiency Related Data of R744 (Carbon Dioxide) and R717 (Ammonia) is not available
cBalance Solutions Hub
45
8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS
B. THE PRINCIPAL CRITERIA FOR REFRIGERANT GAS
4. Economic (Price) Perspective [3]
Natural Refrigerants Are Inexpensive
•
Universally Available
•
No Patent
•
Direct Material cost (Refrigerant Cost) of HC-AC and Conventional ACs are
not significant for comparison
•
Life Cycle Analysis of HC-AC with Conventional AC is presented in slides
no. 19 - 28 Slides
cBalance Solutions Hub
46
8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS
There is no Ideal Refrigerant Gas but Natural Refrigerant are Globally Preferable
•
R22 a HCFC Refrigerant which is in Phasing out Condition is used for Comparison and It
depletes ozone and has high Global Warming Potential
•
R32 and R410A – HFC Refrigerants are having high Global Warming Potential of 2000
and 550 respectively and has Safety Factor of A2 and A1.
•
R290 and R1270 – HC Refrigerants are not harmful to either Ozone nor Contribute to
Global Warming but these are flammable Refrigerants having safety factor A3
•
R717 – Ammonia Refrigerant is an environmental friendly gas but it is a toxic gas and
flammable gas having safety factor B2
•
R744 – Carbon Dioxide is an environmental friendly and safe gas to use but demands
higher operating pressure and expert design.
cBalance Solutions Hub
47
8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS
VOLUMETRIC REFRIGERATING CAPACITY: broadly indicative of required compressor
displacement. It is seen that R290 has 15% lower capacity than R22, whilst R1270 is almost
the same as R22 but it is almost 1.5 times for R32 and R410A.
•
It implies that the R290 compressor demands a larger geometric swept volume in order
to achieve the same cooling capacity and R32 and R410A Requires lower Geometrical
Swept Volume.
•
However, despite the cycle calculations implying this, most practical studies have found
that the refrigerating capacity of R290 in a fixed displacement compressor is much closer
to R22 – typically within 5% to 10% – which is due to R290 having a higher volumetric
efficiency
cBalance Solutions Hub
48
8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS
DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE: is most important especially for hot climates. R290 has a
discharge temperature some 20 Deg K less, R1270 about 15 Deg K less, R410A is 3 Deg K less
but R32 is 15 Deg K Greater than R22. Therefore R290 potentially offers notable benefits in
terms of compressor reliability, especially in hot climates.
THE COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP): R290 and R1270 are the similar or slightly
greater than R22 but COP of R32 and R410A is less by 6% when compared with R22.
cBalance Solutions Hub
49
9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF R290
Flammability Concerns related to R290
NOTE: the following concerns are already addressed in equipment construction
practices and all risks associated with Hydrocarbon Refrigerant use are mitigated
through compliance with all legal norms and safety regulations
•
It belongs to safety group A3 and is highly flammable and non toxic.[4]
•
Lower Explosive Limit – 2.1 %, Upper Explosive Limit – 9.5 %. [5]
•
Color Less and Odor less Gas
•
Flash Point is below the atmospheric temperature and exposure to atmosphere in
combination with spark/flame/hot surface may cause fire immediately
•
Readily forms an explosive air-vapour mixture at ambient temperatures.
•
Vapour is heavier than air and may travel to remote sources of ignition (e.g. along drainage
systems, into basements etc).[6]
cBalance Solutions Hub
50
10. SAFETY MEASURES FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT R290
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR USING R290 REFRIGERANT IN ACs
BY CATEGORY ‘A‘ PEOPLE
Here we are addressing safety considerations of ACs with special reference R290 refrigerant for its
use in commercial/residential ACs. All general safety considerations like electrical operations,
Installation site etc has to be followed as followed during HCFC/HFC ACs installation / Repair /
Modification / maintenance / disposal
Safety can be addressed by using 5 broad classifications:
A. During Construction / Manufacturing
B. During Operation
C. During Maintenance / Recharging
D. During Disposal
E. Additional Safety Considerations
cBalance Solutions Hub
51
10. SAFETY MEASURES FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT R290
A. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS DURING CONSTRUCTION / MANUFACTURING OF ACs
• All tubing joints should be brazed properly, should not be installed in such a way that bends or
joints are stressed and should be cross checked. [7]
• Since R290 is denser than air, it will collect at the bottom of the enclosure in case of leakage
therefore the base is constructed as a leak-proof pan so that any releases will be held within the
enclosure. [8]
• At least one gas sensor is positioned inside air tight enclosure, where upon exceeding a pre-set
concentration the gas sensor isolates the electricity supply and also give a warning signal.
• Even if the total HC-290 leaked make sure that the concentration is below the explosive density
of R290 (43.6 to 175 g/m3). [7]
• The electrical components like capacitor, thermostat switch has to be sealed. [7]
• No valves and detachable joints must be located in areas accessible to the general public.
Ensured that the refrigerant charge of the of the system do not exceed the charge size limits. [8]
• All refrigerant-containing and other critical parts of the equipment must be protected from
mechanical damage.
cBalance Solutions Hub
52
10. SAFETY MEASURES FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT R290
A. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS DURING CONSTRUCTION / MANUFACTURING OF ACs
•
Equipment housing should be designed and constructed to be robust resistant to weathering
and other forms of damage
•
Insulate all tube connections professionally to avoid formation of water condensation and
water damage to the rooms.
•
Labeling of the system with the type and quantity of refrigerant inside. [8]
•
When designing pipe work and selecting components, it is preferable to have as few pipe joints
and seals.
•
Ensure that all the materials that are to be used within the refrigeration system (particularly
valve seals, o-rings, etc), are fully compatible with the HC refrigerant to be used. It is important
to be aware that the compatibility of refrigerants. [8]
•
Where vibration eliminators or flexible connectors are required, they must be installed ensure
that they do not cause catastrophic leakage.
•
Storage and Handling of Product and parts has to be done by taking utmost care
cBalance Solutions Hub
53
10. SAFETY MEASURES FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT R290
B. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS DURING OPERATION OF ACs
•
Smoking has to be strictly prohibited. [6]
•
The equipment should be positioned so that there is always good free ventilation around all
sides of the equipment, and it will not be inhibited by any permanent or temporary blockages.
•
The area should be free of combustible materials. [6]
•
The equipment housing should be designed to prevent or inhibit interference from others,
possibly by Locks etc.
•
Consideration should be given to the positioning of the equipment with regards to areas where
people may congregate or gather.
•
Do not install system in Humid places and do not clean the system with water. [6]
•
Air Conditioner must be kept away from fire, spark with energy > 20mJ /hot surfaces > 450 deg
C to prevent the ignition of R290 (Auto ignition temp 540 deg C). [8]
•
If anything irregular occurs like burnt parts, smell, loud noise then disconnect the system
immediately and isolate the system from electric supply. [6]
cBalance Solutions Hub
54
10. SAFETY MEASURES FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT R290
C. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS DURING MAINTENANCE / RECHARGING OF ACs
•
Regular maintenance and system checks have to be made. [8]
•
Any technician working on a system must be properly trained and certified with the
appropriate qualifications. [8]
•
Before servicing the unit, the surrounding area where the work will be done must be clear of
safety hazards to ensure safe working. [6]
•
Nevertheless it is required to carry out a risk assessment in order to minimise the risk of
ignition of R-290.
•
It is recommended to isolate the working environment in order to keep out any unauthorised
personnel. [6]
•
It is prohibited to store any combustible goods within the working environment.
•
Within two (2) metres radius, ignition sources are not allowed in the working area. [6]
•
Fire extinguisher (dry powder) must be easily accessible at any time. [6]
cBalance Solutions Hub
55
10. SAFETY MEASURES FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT R290
C. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS DURING MAINTENANCE / RECHARGING OF ACs Cont…
•
Do not charge the system with any refrigerant which is not R290. Do not mix any refrigerant. [6]
•
Servicing by competent technicians must be done by using proper equipment.
•
Before Recharging the refrigerant technician must do leak testing. [8]
•
Before filling ensure that there is no air or other non condensable gases like nitrogen etc left in
the system. [6]
•
While recharging technician has to ensured that the refrigerant charge of the of the system do
not exceed the charge size limits and he must also ensure that the quantity of recharging is not
less than specified as it may reduce the system performance. [6]
•
After recharge examine and confirm by the use of appropriate leak test. [6]
•
Retrofitting has to be done by trained technician
cBalance Solutions Hub
56
10. SAFETY MEASURES FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT R290
C. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS DURING MAINTENANCE / RECHARGING OF ACs Cont..
a. Refrigerant Recovery [6]
•
The recovery cylinder must be permitted for the use of R-290 (especially regarding the
pressure and the compatibility of the connectors and the valves).
•
The recovery machine must be suitable for operation with R-290. Importantly, the recovery
machine must not itself be an ignition source.
•
The filling of recovery cylinder should be monitored closely by controlling the weights. The
cylinder should not be filled more than 80% of its complete volume by liquid refrigerant
•
Pressure and mass of the cylinder must be controlled.
•
After recovery type of recovered refrigerant must be marked. Recovery machine has to be
operated until the pressure reduces to 0.3 bar. R290 is soluble in oil. This may lead to rise in
pressure as refrigerant vaporizes from oil.
•
It may be necessary to operate the recovery machine for a second or even a third time.
cBalance Solutions Hub
57
10. SAFETY MEASURES FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT R290
C. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS DURING MAINTENANCE / RECHARGING OF ACs Cont..
a. Refrigerant Recovery Cont…
•
Remaining amounts of HC absorbed by the oil can be extracted from the system using a
vacuum pump in combination with an exhaust vent hose.
•
Small amounts of R-290 can be vented in safe manner to the environment.
•
After the systems‘ pump out, the system should be flushed with Oxygen Free Dry Nitrogen
(OFDN) in order to ensure no flammable gas are inside the system.
cBalance Solutions Hub
58
10. SAFETY MEASURES FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT R290
C. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS DURING MAINTENANCE / RECHARGING OF ACs Cont…
b. Repair For Leaks [6]
•
Removing the refrigerant from the system in order to avoid an uncontrolled discharge.
•
Examine the leak source, determining the reason for the leak and carry out the proper course
of action.
•
Repair properly (NO “temporary repairing”)
•
Based on the results of the systems’ examination, suitable measures need to be identified in
order to avoid a recurrent appearance of the leak.
•
Before embarking on the repair, ensure that the refrigerant has been removed and the system
flushed with OFDN, especially if brazing is to take place.
•
After each intervention into a refrigeration system (repairing leaks, replacing components,
brazing) the system must be subject to a leak test and following strength test of the system.
cBalance Solutions Hub
59
10. SAFETY MEASURES FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT R290
D. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS DURING DISPOSAL OF ACs
•
Recovering of the refrigerant must be done by trained technician.
•
During recovery ensure that there is no Spark / Flame / Hot Surface around the system.
•
Recovery of the refrigerant must be done at the end of the system life. [8]
•
Recovery must be done in ventilated environment. If at all leak occurs the concentration of
R290 gets reduced.
cBalance Solutions Hub
60
10. SAFETY MEASURES FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT R290
E. ADDITIONAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
•
R290 is a Class 1 type of flammable material must be enclosed in strong enclosure. [9]
•
Enclosure should be strong enough to sustain internal explosion.
•
The walls must be thick enough to withstand internal strain during explosion. [9]
•
The equipment must provide a way for burning gases to escape.
a. Only after the gases have been cooled off and their flames are quenched. [9]
b. This will avoid the damage to the external surrounding. [9]
•
The escape route for gases is provided through several flame paths of very less tolerance. [9]
•
Importance to protect flame paths during installation, handling, maintenance, shipping etc.
Even a slight damage to the flame paths can permit gases to escape and ignite the surrounding
atmosphere. [9]
cBalance Solutions Hub
61
11. EXAMPLES OF R290 ACs MANUFACTURES AND USED IN
INDIA AND OTHER PARTS OF WORLD
Country
India
Company
Equipment Details
In 2012, Inaugurated a new production line for the
manufacturing of split and window type propane (R290) air
conditioners. The new line is in the 1.5 T split A/C category,
Godrej & Boyce which is the most common air conditioner segment in India.
R290 models do consume 23% less energy than the current
top of line 5 star models across other brands.
Denmark
Bundgaard
Køleteknik
Producer of hydrocarbon chillers in the medium to larger
range 50-400 KW
HC Chillers are 10% energy efficient than HFC Chillers
cBalance Solutions Hub
62
11. EXAMPLES OF R290 ACs MANUFACTURES AND USED IN
INDIA AND OTHER PARTS OF WORLD
Country
Company
Equipment Details
De’Longhi had been producing a wide range of portable air conditioners
for varying room size using hydrocarbon as refrigerant in the European
Moved from
TCL DeLonghi market since 1995.
Italy to
Home
china with a
De’Longhi had products in its basket from wall mounted A/c to Split
Appliances
JV with TCL
A/c's using R290 as refrigerant and its capacities varying from 8000
BTU/hr to 11,253 BTU/hr. Now R290 range is very limited
Frigadon has developed a range of hydrocarbon packaged air
conditioners using R1270 (propylene).
Sweden
Japan
Frigadon installations can be found in the United States, Germany,
United Kingdom and Ireland, with companies such as Sainsbury’s, COOP
Bank, British Land, Coopllands Bakery, Nestle, Dunnes Stores, Braehead
Foods, BP, Roche Pharmaceuticals and Welcome Break Motorway
Services
Developed a central air conditioning and hot water supply system
prototype using hydrocarbon zeotropic blend of isobutene and
Mayekawa propane. The system uses air and water as the heat source and heat
sink to provide cooling, heating, and hot water production. It is yet to
be commercialised
Frigadon
cBalance Solutions Hub
63
11. EXAMPLES OF R290 ACs MANUFACTURES AND USED IN
INDIA AND OTHER PARTS OF WORLD
Country
Company
Equipment Details
Markets a variety of Domestic and Commercial HC-AC
that are manufactured in China and Thailand
Australia
According to the company, the HC-ACs perform with 15
to 20% better energy efficiency than company's
Benson Air Conditioning
previous R22 range
Has a vide variety of Product Range whose capacities
ranging from 2.31 KW to 17.5 KW with charge size
varying from 300 gram to 1.2 Kg and Range varying
from Wall mounted Split Systems to Ducted Systems.
cBalance Solutions Hub
64
11. EXAMPLES OF R290 ACs MANUFACTURES AND USED IN
INDIA AND OTHER PARTS OF WORLD
Country
Company
Equipment Details
Developed propane (R290) domestic split air conditioner with
a COP of 3.52 - 3.55 and its energy efficiency is 15% better
than corresponding HCFC 22 units.
In 2011, Gree officially launched its production line for the
hydrocarbon air conditioners with a capacity of 100,000 HC
AC units per year.
China
Gree Electric Gree produces hydrocarbon portable AC and dehumidifiers.
Appliances The company reports 10% efficiency gains with the portable
AC units and 20% efficiency gains with the dehumidifiers.
Gree AC Capacity Ranges from 9K BTU/hr to 12K BTU/hr with
charge size from 265gram to 330gram
Gree has included safety measures in the system by installing
a refrigerant leak alarm system that turns off the compressor,
keeps fans operating, and sets off an alarm with flashing
lights.
cBalance Solutions Hub
65
12. SPECIAL FEATURES, SPECIFICATIONS AND TECHNICAL
SUPPORT FOR SAFETY MEASURE BY GODREJ
A. TECHNICAL FEATURES & SPECIFICATIONS FOR SAFETY
•
Additional protection sleeves are provided on the wire - to disable the chances of
accidental combustion
•
Limitation of installation pipe length up to 6m only - reduce the chances of accidental
combustion
•
Internal OLP ( Overload Protection) for compressor and burst-proof capacitor
B. CONSIDERATION OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR SAFETY:•
European standard, limitation is 360~365gm for a 1.5T SAC – HCACs are within this limit.
C. TECHNICAL EXPERT SUPPORT:
•
Service capabilities across India
•
Installation and post installation support for the products
D. PROVED ENERGY SAVINGS:
•
HCAC achieve the Energy Savings primarily because of lower working pressure than R22
•
Godrej can share PH for specific customers as the need arises - unable to share the PH at
present due to design confidentiality
cBalance Solutions Hub
66
10. ASSUMPTION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Conventional ACs comprises of LG, Daikin, Hitachi, Samsung ,Voltas of window and split ACs
of 1 ton, 1.5 ton and 2 ton.
Annual usage (hrs/year) –Residential-Low is 575 hours.
Annual usage (hrs/year) –Residential-high is 960 hours.
Annual usage (hrs/year) –Commercial-low is 2000 hours.
Annual usage (hrs/year) –Commercial-high is 3000 hours.
Annual usage (hrs/year) –Commercial-high is 3000 hours is assumption based on 10 hrs
usage per day x 300 days per year; verbal interview with ICICI Ban
Per Capita Power Consumption 631 kWh/person/year[14]
Average Thermal Plant Load Factor is considered to be 69.8 % PLF% [15]
Per Capita Power Consumption 631 kWh/person/year
Annual Energy used in typical Urban Home (kWh) 1200
Annual Energy generated by typical thermal plant (kWh) 1500000000
Annual CO2 emission by Typical Urban Car (Ton) 0.9
Power consumption of a ceiling fan 50 W
Power consumption of a CFL bulb 15 W
cBalance Solutions Hub
67
11. References
1. Hydrocarbon Refrigerants For Room Air Conditioners, Daniel Colbourne, for GIZ
Proklima, March 2011
2. Barriers to the use of low GWP refrigerants in developing countries and opportunities
to overcome these – Barriers Report, UNEP, UNIDO, Daniel Colbourne, Rajendra
Shende, 2011. http://www.unep.fr/ozonaction/information/mmcfiles/7476-e-Reportlow-WPbarriers.pdf
3. “Refrigerant Data Summary”, James M. Calm and Glenn C. Hourahan
4. Standard 34 – ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers)
5. Explosive
Limits
of
different
refrigerants
http://www.mathesongas.com/pdfs/products/Lower-(LEL)-&-Upper-(UEL)-ExplosiveLimits-.pdf
6. Installation and service manual- Models: GWC09AA - K5NNA6A “, GREE, Giz deutsche
gesellschaft für internationale zusammenarbeit (giz) gmbh.
7. “Experimental Assessment of HC-290 as a Substitute to HCFC-22 in a Window Air
Conditioner”, DR. ATUL S. PADALKAR, DR. SUKUMAR DEVOTTA, Proklima Natural
Refregerents, PP No 209-219
8. Guidelines for the safe use of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants, Deutsche Gesellschaft für,
German Technical Cooperation – Programme Proklima
9. United States Department of Labor – Hazardous (Classified) Locations http://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/hazloc.html
cBalance Solutions Hub
68
References:
10 BEE, GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT, Chapter – 2
Energy Conservation Act, 2001and Related Policies
11. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, PPT by S.P.Garnaik, Bureau of Energy
Efficiency
12. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, PPT by S.P.Garnaik, Bureau of Energy
Efficiency
13. no2co2 research based on COP-15 Commitments of reducing GHG Intensity of GDP by
25% by 2020
14. BEE, GENERAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY AUDIT, Chapter – 1
Energy Scenario
15. Central Electricity Authority, Operation Performance Monitoring Division, Electricity
Generation during the month of September’12 and during the period April’12September’12, Page 5
16. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
17. Velders et al.: The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate, Guus J.
M. Velders, , Stephen O. Andersen, John S. Daniel, David W. Fahey, and Mack
McFarland, 4814 – 4819, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, March 20,
2007, vol. 104, no. 12
cBalance Solutions Hub
69