Lisa Pennington
Social Studies Instructional Specialist
Portsmouth Public Schools
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Immigrant: a person who comes to another
country to live and work.
Oppressive: limiting the rights and freedoms
of individuals.
Specialization: concentration on the
manufacture of a particular product.
Division of labor: each person does one
specific part of the whole process.
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Population changes, growth of cities, and
new inventions produced interaction and
often conflict between different cultural
groups.
http://www.edu.pe.ca/southernkings/Pictures/plain1.jpg
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Hope for better opportunity
Religious freedom
Escape from oppressive governments
Adventure
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Population changes,
growth of cities, and
new inventions
produced problems in
urban areas.
Specialized industries
including steel
(Pittsburgh) and meat
packing (Chicago).
 Immigration from
other countries.
 Movement of
Americans from rural
to urban areas for job
opportunities.
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http://www.solpass.org/7ss/Images/steelmill%20pitts.jpg
Pittsburgh steel mill.
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Pittsburgh: steel
Chicago: meat packing
Boston: textiles
New York City: clothing
Cleveland: steel
Gary: steel
Philadelphia: ship building
Western Pennsylvania: oil
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/GB-7925.jpg
http://www.marinelog.com/IMAGESMMVI/akerfloatout.jpg
Political machine: a party organization headed
by a single boss or group that commands
enough votes to maintain political control of a
city, county, or state.
 Urbanization: growth in cities.
 Tenement: a building made up of many
apartments.
 Ghetto: a specific area in a city where an ethnic
group of similar culture, religion, and language
lives.
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Industrial Revolution: change in production
methods from human to machine power.
Entrepreneur: a person who takes a risk to
establish a business.
Factors of production: labor, capital, natural
resources, and a transportation system to
move the finished product to markets.
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Rapid industrialization
and urbanization led to
overcrowded immigrant
neighborhoods and
tenements.
Challenges faced by
cities include tenements
and ghettos and political
corruption (political
machines).
http://edweb.sdsu.edu/ltca/Industrial/crowdedcity.jpg
Inventions had both
positive and negative
effects on society.
 Inventions contributed
to great change and
industrial growth.
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http://www.wrvmuseum.org/morsecode/images/samuel_morse_telegraph.jpg
The development of
the telegraph by
Samuel Morse.
 Lighting and
mechanical uses of
electricity by Thomas
Edison (light bulb and
phonograph).
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http://blogs.abcnews.com/scienceandsociety/images/edison_light_bulb.jpg
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Telephone service
developed by
Alexander Graham
Bell.
http://www.solarnavigator.net/inventors/inventor_images/alexander_graham_bell_1876_speaking_into_telephone.jpg
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Typewriter invented by
Christopher Sholes.
http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/museum/images/pictures/artifacts3_big.jpg
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Atlantic cable
developed by Cyrus
Field.
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George Eastman
creates an affordable
camera (Kodak).
http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/~macvicar/KelvinWWW/images/14%20Atlantic%20cable%2018
57%20GLAHM%20113450.jpg
http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/images/kodak88l.gif
Cable cars invented by
Andrew Hallidie.
 Electric street railroad
invented by Frank
Sprague.
 Invention of the gas
powered automobile
by the Duryea
brothers.
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http://www.cable-car-guy.com/images/tacoma_003.jpg
http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/01/auto_bday/image/car_right.jpg
George Pullman
invented the sleeping
car.
 George Westinghouse
invents the air brake.
 Elijah McCoy invents a
device that oils
engines.
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http://www.chicagohs.org/history/pullman/gif/01sleep.jpg
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Population changes, growth of cities and new
inventions produced reform situations that
sought to provide services to crowded
immigrant neighborhoods and remedy
poverty.
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Settlement houses: community centers in
urban areas established by social and
religious workers to meet the needs of people
in poor neighborhoods.
Hull House: a settlement house in Chicago
established in 1889 by Jane Addams.
Tammany Hall: a political machine run by
New York Democrats; Boss Tweed was the
leader.
Settlement houses,
such as Hull House,
founded by Jane
Addams
 Political machines that
gained power by
attending to the needs
of new immigrants
(e.g., jobs, housing)
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http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/images/landmarks/h/hull1a.gif
Chinese and Irish immigrants, as well as other groups such as
American Indians were discriminated against in several
ways:
 Dawes Act of 1887: Native Americans were ordered to
become educated, to become citizens, and not to sell their
land for 25 years.
 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: banned immigration from
China for 10 years.
 Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1908: limited the number of
Japanese immigrants to the United States.
 Irish immigrants: suffered discrimination because of their
Catholic religion.
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Why did immigration increase?
Why did cities develop?
What inventions created great change and
industrial growth in the United States?
What challenges faced Americans as a result
of social and technological changes?