Urbanisation in LEDC
Life in Nairobi for the Poor
Kibera – Africa’s Biggest Slum
Why?
Why would
people move
from rural to
urban areas in
LEDC’s?
Push / Pull Factors
Conditions for The Poor
• Many newcomers to Nairobi arrive with no ____ and
are forced to live in a squatter ______ on the _______
of the city.
• Squatter settlements are illegal towns built out of basic
_________.
• They often don’t have _______, medical facilities,
sewers and running ______ facilities.
WORD BANK:
WATER
SCHOOLS
EDGE
JOB
MATERIALS
SETTLEMENT
Kibera
Kibera is situated 7 km South West of Nairobi City Centre.
With a population of over 1 million it is the largest squatter settlement in Africa.
A squatter settlement is an unplanned settlement built by the inhabitants.
The land Kibera is built on is owned by the government meaning it is illegal
Kibera
Fact Box
• Largest slum in Kenya
• 60% of the people that live in Nairobi live in slums
• Between 800,000 and 1 million people live in
Kibera
• 255 ha (around the size of 255 football pitches)
• Extremely high population density
• 1 meter of floor space per person
• There are around 100,000 orphans – this is due in
part to the AIDS epidemic in Kibera
Learning for Life
Kibera – Africa’s Biggest slum.
Imagine you are the boy in the photo.
Write 10 words to describe what
Conditions are like in Kibera
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Videos!
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Documentary video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T21nL41LYVg
Women in Kibera
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FaamPV4YDH
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• Problems with sanitation
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chGq3Q_mo
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Social, Economic and Environmental
problems in Kibera
Task:
Draw a selection of diagrams or one large diagram featuring the problems faced in
Kibera.
Housing in Kibera
No preparation for these
houses so
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No sanitation
No piped water
No road access
No electricity (legally)
The houses are built from
any available material
– Corrugated iron
– Card board
Learning for Life
Housing in Kibera
• Paths between houses are irregular,
narrow and often have ditches
running down the middle that have
sewage in
• Smell = Charcoal and human waste
• One pipe may provide 40 inhabitants
• Private companies own hosepipesthey then charge double than he
standard rate for water
• Individuals homes are kept very clean
and residents welcome visitors
Learning for Life
Living Conditions
The shanties only provide basic accommodation!
• Very crowded!
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One or two rooms
Sleeping on the floor
No toilet
Little public transport
No street lighting
Crime is rife!
-Vigilante groups offer security at a high price
-Police are reluctant to enter these zones
• Rubbish is not collected = disease and filth
• Good community spirit
Learning for Life
Life in Kibera
Most jobs are in the informal sector- that
means that the jobs are not regular or
reliable and people do not pay taxes! (Can
• Poorly paid jobs
• Work/ money is
unreliable
• QOL is poor (due to
housing and
environment)
• Crime is a problem
• Children do not go to
school
• No privacy
• Disease
• Lack of money- so cant
improve their housing
conditions
a government pay to improve an area when they are
getting no money from tax?)
Learning for Life
Social, Economic and Environmental Problems
Social
Population density is high
Economic
Environmental
Jobs are mainly in the
informal sector ie. Jobs are
illegal, and low paid
No safe rubbish disposal so
rubbish is dumped and can
contaminate water supplies
Housing provision – mainly Unskilled and low paid
built from poor quality
workers who may be stuck
materials ie corrugated iron living in Kibera
roofs, mud, bricks
Sanitation runs into
streams and rivers which
are used for drinking
Small houses which
accommodate 6+ people
No clean safe water supply
so waterborne diseases eg.
cholera and typhoid are
common, leading to a low
life expectancy
No healthcare, sanitation,
education provision
High crime and rape rates –
unsafe for women at night
Residents tap into
electricity supplies to gain
free electricity – unsafe
and costly to supplier
Pollution is high due to the
amount of rubbish that is
dumped by inhabitants
Solutions?
Low cost flats!
• 770 families rehoused!
• Inhabitants used involved in the
planning
• Running water , toilets, electricity
• Small, but bigger than the
shanties!
• Less crime
• Gives people pride in themselves
and their community
Funded by the govt, charities and
private loans!
Make peoples homes permanent!
People have no right to the land that their shanty is built on- the government can come at any
time and move them on- so people do not see the point in spending time and effort in improving
their shanties! If people knew that their shanties were permanent they would be worth investing
in!
Learning for Life
Self Help Schemes – Kibera
• A charity has developed low-cost roofing tiles made
from sand and clay
• Two main water pipes have been provided -one paid
for by Kenyan govt- other by The World Bank.
(improving sanitation will be much much harder!
• Medical facilities are provided by charities (training
local people)
• Gap- year students encouraged
• Small scale businesses to help earn money
– Money generated put back in to local economy
Learning for Life
Sites and Services Scheme
• Shanty town dwellers had to put their name
down to go on the scheme
• If chosen they agreed to go to evening classes
at a college to learn construction skills
• If they passed the exams they were given
rented a small plot of land connected to
running water sewerage and electricity
• • On this site the family can then build a
house with building materials they are given.
Comparing high class and squatter
residential areas
Squatter Settlements
Population structure:
Adults aged 21 – 30 account
for 15% of the population of
squatter settlements. This may
be because young people have
migrated to Nairobi from rural
areas due to push/pull factors
such as… . However, when they
arrive, they struggle to find
jobs, particularly if they are
unskilled and have a low level
of education, and so remain in
squatter settlements
TASK: Look at the graph above and answer the following questions:
1) What is meant by urbanisation? (1 mark)
2) Identify the sub-regions with an urbanization growth rate over 3%
(2 marks)
3) Use evidence from the graph to suggest why LEDCs have a higher urbanization
growth than MEDCs (2 marks)
Exam Questions
• Explain one pressure resulting from a rising
demand for urban living spaces. (2)
• Explain why many people in rural areas of the
developing world wish to migrate to urban
areas. (2)
• Explain why the population of some inner city
areas has risen in recent years. (3)