NORDIC CLIMATE FACILITY (NCF)
PROGRESS AND FINANCIAL REPORTING
PROJECT: Enhancing capacity for adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change
in Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya: piloting technology transfer for secure access to safe
drinking water in a changing climate while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
ELIGIBLE COUNTRY: Kenya
GRANTEE: Solvatten AB
REPORTING PERIOD: First phase of implementation phase
____________________
_______________________________
Date
Person responsible (Signature)
Kimiti.mburu@iewm.org______
GEOFFREY KIMITI
e-mail address
Person responsible (Block letters)
This is a version 1 of the Nordic Climate Facility’s reporting templates.
Templates are subject to continuous revisions, and NDF/NEFCO welcomes
any comments to the templates.
NCF reporting shall be based substantially in the templates provided in this
document. Other formats can also be accepted provided that key information
is included.
Logical Framework
monitoring/reporting.
(Annex
1)
approach
may
Helsinki, 01.10.2012
1
also
be
used
for
NCF PROGRESS AND FINANCIAL REPORTING
Version 1
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NCF PROGRESS AND FINANCIAL REPORTING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Summary................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.
Execution of the project during the reporting period ........................................................................... 4
3.
4.
5.
2.1.
Project objectives and expected results .............................................................................................. 6
2.2.
Activities during reporting period ...................................................................................................... 7
2.3.
Achievements of the project ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.
Deviations ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Status for indicators ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.
Climate change impacts ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2.
Development impacts....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.
Sustainability.................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Risk assessment .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.
Project risks, problems and/or new possibilities .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.
Changes and adjustments ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Financial reporting .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1.
Resources and budget used .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2.
Cost effectiveness ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.
Conclusions and recommendations .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.
Annexes ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Summary
All milestones till the end of first part of implementation phase have been finalized
successfully. A training of trainers’ workshop has been carried out and the training
module has been developed and distributed. Enumerators were trained to carry out a
baseline study. Since end of March 2011 distribution of Solvatten units are carried out.
The project is on track to meet its objectives.
1.
Introduction and Methodology
The location for the proposed project is Kibera slum, which has been selected because of the
great need for climate adaptation solutions related to the provision of safe water. Kibera is a
neighborhood and division of Nairobi, Kenya. It is the largest of Nairobi's slums, and the largest
urban slum in Africa, with a population estimated at between 800, 000 (M. Davis 2006)
inhabitants. Encompassing an area of 2.5 square kilometers (0.965 square miles). Kibera
accounts for less than 1% of Nairobi's total area, but holds more than a quarter of its
population, at an estimated density of 2000 persons per hectare; 1250 per acre ( IRIN 2006).
The neighborhood is divided into a number of villages, including Kianda, Soweto, Gatwekera,
Kisumu Ndogo, Lindi, Laini Saba, Siranga/Undugu, Makina and Mashimoni.
Like other slums in the world today, the poor urban households largely do not have networked
water supply access. 19% of the households are connected to the city water supply system
(COHRE2007). The rest get their water from about 650 water kiosks (water selling outlets) and
water middle men (vendors) who sell water to the residents. This lack of access to water has a
knock on effect on health. Also Kibera is heavily polluted by human refuse, garbage, soot, dust,
and other wastes. The slum is contaminated with human and animal feaces, thanks to the open
sewage system and the frequent use of "flying toilets". The lack of adequate sanitation
accounts for many illnesses and diseases as a result of water contamination. According to the
UN Education, Cultural and Scientific Organization, figures of death rates due to diarrhea could
be cut by 45 percent with improved access to safe water, particularly in slums like Kibera, (IRIN
2006) and significantly further through improvement in hygiene practices, eg using warm water
(which will be supplied by Solvatten). Kenya has lately been experiencing the impacts of climate
change including El nino and La Nina among other impacts. The urban poor have suffered
disproportionately given their living conditions which make them more vulnerable to climate
change impacts. During the recently experienced floods, slum areas such as Kibera, Mukuru,
experienced thunderstorms, heavy rains and winds that left huge implications on people’s
livelihoods. Current impacts of climate change include water shortages during drought and
broken water pipes (Infrastructure) and collapsed overflowing latrines making service delivery
difficult, and resulted to contamination of water supply sources. This situation facilitated
transmission of water borne diseases including cholera and other diarrhoeal diseases especially
among the children. On 8th October 2009 the Institute of Environment and Water Conducted a
Climate Risk Assessment Workshop in Kibera to find out how access to safe water supply is
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NCF PROGRESS AND FINANCIAL REPORTING
affected by various climatic hazards. The community ranked droughts and floods as the two
most frequent and severe climatic events in the area and the ones that necessitate immediate
attention. As an outcome, the community proposed the need to strengthen their capacity to
cope with the increasing impacts of climate change and reduce the risk of water borne disease
outbreaks. The measures suggested included water purification/treatment, and training on
disaster response to water borne diseases treatment. As a way forward, the Institute of
environment and water was tasked by the community to look for ways of securing safe water to
the community.
Later in the project, the target location was expanded to include Mutomo and Tharaka where
600 and 300 units were distributed respectively.
Why Kibera?
(Analysis from the climate risk assessment workshop and secondary data) Exposure to the
impacts of climate change and low adaptive capacity are the two main reasons why it is
important to act. These two factors make the residents of Kibera vulnerable
than their urban counterparts who have piped water. Below is an analysis of the vulnerability
context.
1. Exposure to climate change;
During the climate risk assessment workshop, the residents recalled vividly the effects of the
1997/1998 El Nino floods, the drought of 2003 and more recently they recounted
the more recent 2007 – 2009 drought which led to widespread water scarcity. The exposure
context of climate extremes in East Africa has been experienced as increased
variability in rainfall with occurrence of extreme events in terms of droughts and floods (see 7.1
for more details).
2. Current exposure; Present conditions.
In January 2010, the country experienced heavy rainfall which led to flooding in the slums of
Kibera. January is the usually the driest month of the year according to the
Kenya Meteorology Department. These unusual conditions have been attributed to the
unfolding El Nino phenomena which is a major contributor to the occurrence of
extreme events in Kenya. Kenya Meteorology Department has released a forecast indicating
that most parts of Kenya including Nairobi are likely to experience rainfall with a slight tendency
towards above normal (i.e. enhanced rainfall). This is being attributed to the unfolding El Nino
phenomena. (KMD 2010)
3. Predicted/Future exposure scenarios
The IPCC predicts that rainfall events during the wet seasons will become more extreme by
2100. Consequently flood events are likely to increase in frequency and severity. The IPCC also
predicts that droughts are likely to occur with similar frequency as at present, but to increase in
severity. In a study conducted by North Carolina State
University enhanced version of the RegCM3 regional model (Anyah et al 2006 ab) which has
been run for both a control and one climate change (A2 scenario) simulation,
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NCF PROGRESS AND FINANCIAL REPORTING
have been analysed for Kenya. The study predicts that average annual temperature will rise by
between 1°C and 5°C, typically 1°C by 2020s and 4°C by 2100. It also indicates that climate is
likely to become wetter in both rainy seasons, but particularly in the Short Rains (October to
December).
Why Solvatten?
To address the problem of deteriorating water quality, one of the strategies being applied is
point-of-use purification of water at household level. In most cases, communities boil water
using either charcoal or paraffin. These methods are unfriendly to the environment and are also
very expensive for people whose income is way below poverty line. Other point-of-use methods
for treating water used in Kibera are iodine and chlorine tablets and SODIS, another solar water
purification technique. These methods and their disadvantages are examined below compared
to Solvatten.
1. Chlorine and iodine tablets/drops are quick and effective, chemical drops that can kill most
viruses, bacteria, and protozoa as long as the water is not turbid. Their high portability factor
just a few drops can purify gallons of water. But, there are a few caveats that make chemical
treatment less than ideal. What advantages does Solvatten have over the chlorine and iodine
tablets/drops? The first is taste. Iodine in particular leaves a strong, metallic taste in the water.
It's not so bad for cooking, but drinking it can be a little tough to stomach so many people
prefer not to use this method. Solvatten does not alter the taste of the water. Second is its
effectiveness which varies depending on the water temperature, the amount that you're
purifying, and the turbidity. This means that it can take hours to treat a large sample of water.
Solvatten can treat up to 30 litres of water on a sunny day per household. The third problem
depends on the person drinking the water. While rare, it's not unheard of for iodine and
chlorine to trigger reactions. Plus, chemicals like these are not things that you want to build up
in your body, or in the environment and chemical methods are not recommended for use by
children (the most vulnerable group) for more than 2-3 weeks at a time. Solvatten does not
require any chemical additives.
2.
Execution of the project
The project was implemented over a period of about 2 years and had the following
objectives
2.1. Project objectives and expected results
Primary objective:
To secure access to safe water supply for about 15,000 residents of Kibera in a changing
climate
Secondary Objective
To build capacity for reduction of household greenhouse emissions for 2500 households
Project outcomes
The project was geared towards;
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NCF PROGRESS AND FINANCIAL REPORTING




improved adaptive capacity
increased access to safe water
reducing incidence of water-borne infections
reducing household green house gas emissions
Expected results
 Increased households’ adaptive capacity to cope the impacts of climate change on
water quality
 Secure access to safe drinking water and warm water for 2500 households in Kibera,
through use of an innovative, sustainable technology
 Reduced incidence of diarrhea and gastrointestinal infections among households
using Solvatten
 Increased understanding amongst the target population of the advantages and
disadvantages of solar water treatments versus other methods of treating water
 Reduction of households’ daily energy consumption
3.
Activities completed
The project will be implemented in three phases:
Phases
1. Inception
2. Implementation
3. Review,
validation
and
result
sharing/dissemination (two months)
Generation of Baseline information
Addressing institutional formalities
Stakeholders analysis
Inception meeting
Training of
1. Inception (five months)
Being a pilot project looking at introducing new technology, the project will require contextual
baseline information. The inception phase will be a preparatory phase for the collection of
baseline data on the main health problems associated with drinking unsafe water, related hospital
attendance visits and estimate medical costs. It will also seek to establish and quantify the
amount and cost of charcoal and/or paraffin used per household in boiling water to purification.
The inception will also be a preparatory phase within which administrative formalities and
negotiations will be done between NCF, Solvatten and IEW.
CBOs and individuals who will be involved in the implementation will be identified and trained.
A thorough stakeholder analysis will also be undertaken and stakeholder workshops
carried out in this phase.
2. Implementation phase (15 months)
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NCF PROGRESS AND FINANCIAL REPORTING
8
3. Review, validation and result sharing/dissemination (two months)
3.1. Preliminary engagement with CBOs and drafting of CBO agreements
A selection criterion was developed and discussed between IEW and Solvatten to ensure
that the selected CBOs meetminimum set of standards in terms of institutional formation
which included, registration status, Member based and active, CBO has a focus on Water
and Sanitation and working with Youth and/or women, are physically located in Kambi
Muru, Kisumu Ndogo or Gatwekera.
3.1.1 Inception workshop
3.1.2 methodology workshop:
A methodology workshop that brought together the thematic consultants was conducted
as a first step towards the collection of baseline data. Data collection indicators and tools
were formulated and sampling done. A follow-up workshop was convened where an
indepth discussion took place on key information needs of the baseline study. During this
meeting. the research tools were revised and finalized.
3.2. NCF site visit
On the 4th and 5th of October 2010 during the NCF site visit various meetings were held
with the National Climate Change Secretariat; Ministry of Environment and Mineral
Resources the Director of Water Resources; Ministry of Water and Irrigation and Eng.
Muguna; Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company. The meetings improved the
visibility and support of the project among relevant actors and as well reduced the risk of
risk of objection to the implementation of the project eliminated since key stakeholders
were supportive.
3.3. Project kick off/planning meeting
A kick off meeting was held on the 6th of October at the Institute of Environment and
Water. The meeting was organized by IEW and Solvatten. The following organizations
were also represented

Kenya Water for Health Organization(KWAHO)

East African Environmental Network

Umande Trust

East Africa Wildlife Society

Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP)
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NCF PROGRESS AND FINANCIAL REPORTING
There was a lot of knowledge shared and the Kenya Water for Health Organization
(KWAHO) shared their approach in the implementation of their SODIS project, which is
a solar water purification technology as well. This provided a lot of insights for the NCF
project. The meeting also allowed the project team to share the risk analysis and build on
its exhaustiveness. The participants invited were from organizations which are working in
Kibera and they provided useful input on the analysis. The meeting therefore managed to
review the project implementation strategy reviewed and informed by local stakeholders
as well as the risk analysis which informed by other local organizations working in
Kibera
3.4. Stakeholder analysis
A stakeholder analysis was done during the inception of the project to ensure that
stakeholders have been identified, their importance to the project established and possible
points of engagement at every stage of implementation identified within a matrix. This
analysis was further used to inform the stakeholders’ workshop where they were
informed about the project and possible points of engagement to ascertain effective
stakeholder participation to mitigate negative impacts of poor stakeholder engagement as
well as increase the possibility of buy inn and up scaling by the government and other
relevant actors.
3.5. Trail of Solvatten, Selection of CBOs and staff
The trail of Solvatten involved an introduction of the units into the project area to see
how the technology would fair and the response by the locals. Selection criteria for CBOs
was developed in consultation with Solvatten earlier.
Using the agreed upon criteria a group of 18 CBOs were shortlisted for engagement in the
distribution. After face to face interviews with the groups, the list was narrowed down to
ten CBOs which are the ones that the Institute went into negotiations for formal
engagement with. To formalize the engagement, the Institute entered into an MoU with
the selected CBOs. (attachment… ). Each CBO appointed 2 distributors, who were
trained and orientated with the operation of Solvatten.
Each distributor received a Solvatten Unit for marketing purposes.
3.6. Baseline study
The baseline study was done and involved the following steps:
 Literature review
 Methodology workshops
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NCF PROGRESS AND FINANCIAL REPORTING




Sampling study
Training of enumerators
pre-test exercise
Primary data collection and analysis
Results of the data collection exercise:
 Baseline data available for monitoring and evaluation of the project
 Water treatment methods and costs understood including costs of energy related to
boiling drinking water.
 Water borne disease common in the project area understood.
 Information on vulnerability, capacity and exposure available. (Regarding climate
change impacts on water quality)
 Information on effective marketing techniques for household water treatment
available to be used in the promotion exercises.
3.7. Training of trainers workshop (Training of distributors)
A training of trainers (TOT) manual was developed and translated into Kiswahili.
(attachment….). The training manual is a tool that provides the users, in particular the
TOT with Knowledge on climate change, hygiene and safe storage, use, maintenance and
benefits of using Solvatten technology.
This was followed by a training of trainers’ workshop that took place at the Lenana
Conference Centre on 14th march 2011. 20??? participants who comprised of the
chairpersons of the selected community groups and solvatten units distributors were taken
through a one day training that aimed at equipping them with the knowledge of how the
technology works and with marketing skills (attachment…… list of participants). The
training workshop that was facilitated by IEWM and Solvatten staff covered the
following topics;;
a. Introduction and background to the project
b. Climate change & its impacts on access to safe drinking water
a. Benefits of Solvatten –
b. Renewable energy
c. Socio-economic benefits
c. Safe household water storage and hygiene
In general, distributors were trained on
a. use, maintenance and benefits of using Solvatten to enable them to teach community
members.
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NCF PROGRESS AND FINANCIAL REPORTING
b. climate change concepts and the link between climate change and water quality.
c. the importance and manner in which safe water storage were included as well as vital
hygiene practices that needs to be transferred together with the technology. The
training was a success with the distributors all attaining a certificate that was issued
by Annabell Waititu at the end of the day. A copy of the training manual is annexed.
d. The distributors were awarded a certificate for attending the training course
a.
b.
can we have a chapter here in implementation and the whole process of implementation
- when did this start
- what was sold when
- the challenges, the marketing events, advertisements, strategy change at
different levels
- what worked what did not works
- sales and payments..
- the etry of the rincold
- the reviews
- the end of the project workshop
- improved sales
3.8. Progress review workshop
This meeting was held on Monday 04/07/2011 to review progress, and communicate new
marketing strategy with distributors
The meeting also identified challenges and made recommendations on how marketing would be
taken forward. Among these it was agreed that the project scope be increased to cover the
whole of Kibera in order to create enough marketing space for the distributors to sell.
Other challenges included:
Some customer claimed that the cost of the unit is high in the prevailing economic times and
they proposed a reduction
Little knowledge and awareness about solvatten
Some of the distributors lacked sufficient motivation and this in return affects sales
Some of the distributors lack time to sell. It was recommended that they be replaced.
The weather is affecting sales as solvatten works best when it is hot or sunny and at the
moment the weather is a bit cool thus slowing down the water hating process. It was raining
through April and May and there was the cold season running through July.
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NCF PROGRESS AND FINANCIAL REPORTING
Recommendation for action included
Availing of t-shirts for the distributors as a mode of advertisement an easy idea of marketing as
well as identification.
Do awareness and marketing campaigns in target market areas i.e. at least a few of the villages
in Kibera.
Visit schools to create sensitization among children not to damage solvatten containers when
they see them and also to inform their parents about solvatten. N.B during school visit we can
use puppets to attract the children.
Make written agreements between CBOs and potential clients who buy the container to ensure
a clear and prompt mode of payment that both parties are comfortable with.
Have a minimum amount of Kshs. 200 set as down payment and registration fees for all
interested buyers with the rest of the amount to be paid over a period of up to 10 weeks
(maximum period is set at twelve weeks). The buyers should sign an agreement for payment.
(This has already been prepared from the office. It will be discussed with the CBO chairpersons
for finalization)
Policy context and linkages with other ongoing activities.
Key results:
 The Institute of Environment and Water has been a member of the Household Water
Treatment and Safe Storage – Technical Working Group (HHWTSS – TWG), which
is chaired by the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation. The HHWTSS – TWG is
in charge of setting standards and developing guidelines for the sector on issues of
promotion, marketing and quality in the household water treatment and safe storage.
The project directly contributes to the strategic objectives of the National Climate
Change Response Strategy which include: - Education and awareness programs
- Assessing vulnerability and climate change threats
- Capacity building framework to help local communities adapt
- Technology development and transfer

The Institute has been a major player in the development of the National Climate
Change Response Strategy that has been developed by the Ministry of Environment
and Mineral Resources. This is the framework that guides the actions that will be
implemented by the Country for the next 5 years on climate change. The various
Thematic Areas under the action plan include:
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