Car Clubs, Carbon and Air Quality
• The contribution car clubs
can make to reducing
carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions and particulates
in the context of Air
Quality Management
Action Plans. With
Contributions from
Matthew Eastwood
(Carplus) and Chris
Endacott (Gfleet)
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
Tailpipe Emissions
•
Car club cars in Scotland are 29% more fuel efficient than the average car
on Scotland’s roads. Average Car (unknown fuel) figure Defra/DECC GHG
conversion factors for company reporting August 2011. Car club car figure
based on manufacturer test cycle data incorporating 15% uplift to account
for real world driving conditions in line with Defra reporting guidelines.
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
Carbon Savings
• Relative fuel efficiency amounts to a saving of 229 tonnes of CO2 a year –
assuming no overall reduction in mileage. There are approx. 6,300 car club
members in Scotland. Assuming only half travel the an average of 765 miles
a year by car club (Figure from Member Survey 2011-12), greater car club
vehicle efficiency therefore saves 229 tonnes of CO2 per year in terms of fuel
efficiency – assuming no overall reduction in mileage.
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
Average Annual Household Mileage
•
Car club member households tend to have lower average annual car
mileage than the national average. Car Club Household Mileage: 2,629
(Carplus Annual Survey 2011-12), Household Mileage: 9,688 (Scottish
Households National Travel Survey 2010).
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
Car Clubs and Travel Behaviour
•
Source: Carplus Annual Survey 2011-12. Average reduction of 831 miles or
272kg of CO2 per member per year – or 856 tonnes a year, assuming only
half of Scotland’s 6,300 car club members are active. Based on Defra
‘Average Car’ unknown fuel type.
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
Transport Related CO2 Savings
• Based on the assumptions and methodology outlined in
the previous slides, Scottish car club contribution to
transport related CO2 emission savings:
o 229 tonnes a year in vehicle efficiency savings.
o 856 tonnes a year in mileage reduction.
• A total saving of 1,085 Tonnes of CO2 per year.
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
Air Quality: The Other Problem!
• Air Quality Management
Areas - AQMAs.
• Many AQMAs in the UK.
– 200+ Councils with AQMAs.
– Typically cover urban centres.
• In the UK most due to NO2.
– In Scotland both NOX & PM10.
– Diesel engines major source.
• Access restrictions work!
– TfL has setup LEZ inside M25.
– Norwich & Oxford have LEZs.
– Only permit clean vehicles.
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
SO
Council
NO2 PM10 2
Perth & Kinross
Y
Y
Fife
Y
Y
Dundee
Y
Aberdeen
Y
Y
Midlothian
Y
Edinburgh
Y
West Lothian
Y
Y
Falkirk Council
Y
Y
Y
North Lanarkshire
Y
South Lanarkshire
Y
East
Dunbartonshire
Y
Y
Glasgow
Y
Y
Renfrewshire
Y
AQMA’s in Scotland
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
Europe Refuses UK
Air Pollution Reprieve
(BBC 27 June 2012)
• Government plans to delay air pollution improvements in 12 UK
areas have been refused by the European Commission, which says
air quality must improve.
• The UK may now face fines if it fails to improve air quality quickly.
• Air pollution reduces average life expectancy in the UK by up to
eight months. Responsible for in excess of 20,000 premature
deaths each year (estimates range from 12,000 to 50,000).
• The UK has been denied permission by the commission to delay air
quality improvements in the following areas:
– Aberdeen and North-East Scotland.
– Belfast.
– Birkenhead, Brighton, Bristol, Liverpool, Preston, Sheffield, Tyneside,
South-West England.
– Swansea, South Wales.
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
Cleaner Engines ?
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
•
The NOXic Test!
Comparison of four Euro 5 cars on NOX:
–
–
–
–
VW Polo Bluemotion (D) 148 mg/km
Fiat 500 TwinAir (P)
34 mg/km
Toyota Prius Mk III (PH)
6 mg/km
Nissan Leaf (EV)
0 mg/km
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
PSVs Main Source of NOX?
Factor
Year of manufacture
Seating
Standing
Capacity
Unladen weight (kg)
Min average mpg
Fuel type & drive train
Euro Standard
CO2 Emissions g/km
CO2 Emissions g/pkm (50%)
NOX emissions mg/km
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
Euro 5 Bus
2011/12
68
15
83
13,000
10
Diesel
E5
720
18
500-1000
NBfL
2012
62
25
87
11,800
11.6
DE Hybrid
E6
640
14
396
LTI TX Taxi
2007
4
0
4
1,800
25.4
Diesel
E3
243
121
772
Impact of Euro Standards on
NOX
• Nationally NOX levels not falling as expected.
– One problem is the rapid growth in diesel cars.
• Issue with urban performance of heavy diesel E5.
– At low-speed SCR may not be hot enough.
– If switched off NOX can be higher than Euro 3.
• Ideal urban car would be low or zero NOx.
• Only EVs are zero emission at point of use.
• Petrol and PE Hybrid best option after EV.
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum
EVs and Other Alternatively Fuelled
Vehicles
• An overview of how car
clubs operate petrol
hybrid, electric and
Hydrogen electric car club
vehicles with possible
contributions from Carplus
and Co-wheels.
Scottish Urban Car Club Forum