Social support
汪苗
Main content
1
2
3
4
scales
type
Related conception
Influencing factors
1、Measurement scales
1、the Structural-Functional Social Support
Scale (SFSS). 结构功能社会支持量表
2、the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived
Social Support (MSPSS) 多元领悟社会支持
量表
3、the Social Support: Personal Resource
Questionnaire (PRQ85) part 2, 个人资源问
卷
4、Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS). 领
悟社会支持量表
5、the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List
（ISEL）人际支持评定表
6、Social Support Rating Scale, SSRS社会支持
量表
7、the ENRICHD Social Support Instrument
(ESSI)
8、the Perceived Social Support From Family
Scale
9、the Social Support Questionnaire
10、the Social Provisions Scale
11、Religious Support Scale, 宗教支持量表
12、Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire
13、Informational Support Questionnaire
The Structural-Functional Social Support
Scale (SFSS)结构功能社会支持量表
It has been developed especially for
measuring disease-specific social
networks and social support received
by people having a serious somatic
disorder or chronic disease（for example cancer）.
 In the questionnaire, the participants
were asked to evaluate their received
and needed support at the work place
or from the occupational health
services


The SFSS focuses on three aspects of
social relationships:
(1) the existence and number of cancerspecific sources of social support,
(2) the amount of support received from
these sources,
(3) whether this support corresponds to
the expectations of the patient.
Taina Taskila.Marja-Liisa Lindbohm.Rami Martikainen et al. Cancer survivors’
received and needed social support from their work place and the occupational health
services [J]. Support Care Cancer ,2006( 14): 427–435
the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived
Social Support (MSPSS) 多元领悟社会支持量表
The MSPSS provides assessment of three
sources of support: family (FA), friends
(FR), and significant other (SO).
1、 It is short (12 items in total) and is ideal
for (a) research that requires assessment
of multiple variables and (b) populations
which, for one reason or another, cannot
tolerate a long questionnaire

Sheung-Tak Cheng. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: dimensionality and age
and gender differences in adolescents 2004. www.elsevier.com/locate/paid
2、 MSPSS items are easy to understand
(requiring just fourth grade reading level)
and are therefore suitable for young
populations or populations with limited
literacy level.
3、 Despite being a brief instrument, MSPSS
measures support from three sources, and
in particular, the SO（such as boyfriend、
girlfriend, teacher and counselor）
subscales rather unique among measures
in the field.



Family subscale
3. My family really tries to help me
4. I get the emotional help and support I need from my family
8. I can talk about my problems with my family
11. My family is willing to help me make decisions
Friends subscale
6. My friends really try to help me
7. I can count on my friends when things go wrong
9. I have friends with whom I can share my joys and sorrows
12. I can talk about my problems with my friends
Significant other subscale
1. There is a special person who is around when I am in need
2. There is a special person with whom I can share my joys and
sorrows
5. I have a special person who is a real source of comfort to me
10. There is a special person in my life who cares about my
feelings
the Social Support: Personal Resource
Questionnaire (PRQ85) part 2, 个人资源问卷
1、This scale is based on Weiss’s social
support model, which consider the
individual’s good health needs are
achieved through specific social relations
2、 The social support including five aspects,
that is





Attachment/Intimacy AI、
Social Integration SI、
Opportunity for nurturance ON）、
Reassurance of worth RW）、
Availability of assistance AA。
Weinert C．Measuring social support；revision and further development of the Personal
Resources questionnaire．Measurement of nursing outcomes [J]．New York: Springer
Publishing,1988,1:309-319
2、type
Emotional
Social
support
Informational
practical

Emotional support：
involves verbal and nonverbal communication of caring and concern and is believed to
reduce distress by restoring self-esteem and
permitting the expression of feelings.
 Instrumental
or practical support
involves direct assistance with
household tasks and provision of
material goods transportation, money,
physical assistance, and it may also
help decrease feelings of loss of
control

Informational support
which involves the provision of
information used to guide or advise,
is believed to enhance perceptions of
control by reducing confusion and
providing patients with strategies to
cope with their difficulties.
Taina Taskila.Marja-Liisa Lindbohm.Rami Martikainen et al. Cancer survivors’
received and needed social support from their work place and the occupational health
services [J]. Support Care Cancer ,2006( 14): 427–435
3、Research of social support
and related concept
adjustment
Social
support
survival
Quality
of life

Cicero V . point out that perceived support
from friends may predict the patient's tendency to
consider cancer as a challenge and to take an
active role in therapy and recovery, whereas social
support from family was not predictive of various
states of adjustment to cancer.

Shelby RA point out that women with high
levels of social support experienced better
adjustment even when optimism was low. In
contrast, among women with high levels of
optimism, increasing social support did not
provide an added benefit .
1、Cicero V, Lo Coco G, Gullo S . The role of attachment dimensions and perceived social support in
predicting adjustment to cancer. Psychooncology. 2009 Feb 4.
2、Shelby RA, Crespin TR, Wells-Di Gregorio SM, . Et al. Optimism, social support, and adjustment in
African American women with breast cancer . J Behav Med. 2008 Oct;31(5):433-44.

Higher social support scores were
significantly associated with higher scores
in speech , aesthetics ，social disruption
and general mental health and with fewer
depressive symptoms but not with general
physical health or eating
Karnell LH, Christensen AJ, Rosenthal EL .et al. Influence of social
support on health-related quality of life outcomes in head and neck
cancer . Head Neck. 2007 Feb;29(2):143-6.

For patients with AML, higher levels of
available social support predicted
better survival. Within social support,
the availability of instrumental
support showed more consistent
associations with 2-year survival than
the availability of emotional support.
Pinquart M, Höffken K, Silbereisen RK.et al. Social support and survival in patients
with acute myeloid leukemia [J]. Support Care Cancer. 2007 Jan;15(1):81-7
4、Influencing factors
treatment
time
Social
support
country
demographic
factors
religious
beliefs
gender

Religious beliefs may not directly affect
self-efficacy and adjustment; however,
cancer patients who have religious beliefs
may experience an enhanced sense of
social support from a community with
whom they share those beliefs.
Howsepian BA, Merluzzi TV. Religious beliefs, social support, selfefficacy and adjustment to cancer [J]. Psychooncology. 2009 Feb 2.
women are more likely to seek and utilize
support by comparison to men. Whereas
women expected staff to provide information and emotional support, men felt that
emotional support from staff was
inappropriate and perceived information as
supportive in helping them deal with their
emotions..
Clarke SA, Booth L, Velikova G. et al. Social support: gender differences in cancer
patients in the United Kingdom : Cancer Nurs. 2006 Jan-Feb;29(1):66-72.
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Methods: Cross-cultural studies
Sample: Age-matched samples of 135
BCSs from Norway and 148 from Finland
were examined
Result: Finnish compared to Norwegian
BCSs reported significantly less received
social support from supervisors, while they
received significantly more social support
from occupational health service (OHS) .
Gudbergsson SB, Fosså SD, Lindbohm ML,et al. Received and needed social support at the workplace in Norwegian
and Finnish stage 1 breast cancer survivors: a study from the Nordic Study Group of Cancer and Work (NOCWO)[J].
Acta Oncol. 2009;48(1):67-75.

The men who had lymphoma, had
received chemotherapy, or had low
education level needed more support.
The need for practical support from
the occupational health personnel was
fivefold between the chemotherapytreated and those not treated.
Taina Taskila.Marja-Liisa Lindbohm.Rami Martikainen et al. Cancer survivors’
received and needed social support from their work place and the occupational health
services [J]. Support Care Cancer ,2006( 14): 427–435

Unemployment, low level of education and
single/divorced/widowed status were
related to greater use of cognitive defense.
Though these patients are most in need of
professional support. women who used a
defensive hostile style tended to receive
poor social support.
Drageset S, Lindstrøm TC. Coping with a possible breast cancer
diagnosis: demographic factors and social support .[J], J Adv Nurs.
2005 Aug;51(3):217-26.

Schroevers MJ:
1、sample:206 long-term cancer survivors
2、methods: This longitudinal study(3
months and 8 years after diagnosis )
3、tools：Social Support List (SSL) 、the
Silver Lining Questionnaire (SLQ)
4、results：The findings suggest that getting
support from family and friends in the
period following diagnosis is an important
resource that may help cancer survivors
to find positive meaning in the cancer
experience.
Schroevers MJ, Helgeson VS， Sanderman R. Type of social support matters for prediction
of posttraumatic growth among cancer survivors [J], Psychooncology. 2009 Feb 27