Module 10

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EXPLORING

PSYCHOLOGY

EIGHTH EDITION IN MODULES

David Myers

PowerPoint Slides

Aneeq Ahmad

Henderson State University

Worth Publishers, © 2011

Developing Through the Life

Span

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Developmental Issues,

Prenatal Development, and the Newborn

Module 10

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Two Major Developmental Issues

 Continuity and Stages

 Stability and Change

Conception

Prenatal Development

The Competent Newborn

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Developmental Issues, Prenatal

Development, and the Newborn

Development begins with the meeting of sperm and egg and continues throughout our lives.

Developmental psychology studies our lifelong physical, mental, and social development .

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Two Major Developmental Issues

Developmental psychology considers three pervasive issues:

Issue

Nature/Nurture

Continuity/Stages

Stability/Change

Details

How do genetic inheritance

(our nature) and experience

(the nurture we receive) influence our behavior?

Is development a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?

Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age.

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Continuity and Stages

Researchers who view development as a slow, continuous process are generally those who emphasize experience and learning.

Those with a biological perspective view maturation and development as a series of genetically predisposed steps or stages.

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Three Stage Theories

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Stability and Change

Lifelong development requires both stability and change.

Researchers agree that:

-The first two years of life provide a poor basis for predicting a person’s eventual traits.

-As people grow older, personality gradually stabilizes.

-In some ways, we all change with age.

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Prenatal Development and the

Newborn

How, over time, did we come to be who we are?

From zygote to birth, development progresses in an orderly, though fragile, sequence.

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Conception

A single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuses to form one fertilized cell.

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Prenatal Development

A zygote is a fertilized egg with 100 cells that become increasingly diverse. At about 10 days the zygote turns into an embryo (a).

Over the next 6 weeks organs begin to form and the heart begins to beat. At 9 weeks, the embryo becomes a fetus (b and c)

Fig 10.3

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Prenatal Development

At each prenatal stage genetic and environmental factors affect development.

Although the placenta screens out potential threats, some teratogens, chemicals or viruses that can harm the developing fetus, can slip by.

For example, fetal alcohol syndrom (FAS), can be caused by a mother’s drinking during pregnancy. FAS is marked by a small, misproportioned head and lifelong brain abnormalities.

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The Competent Newborn

Infants are born with reflexes that aid in survival, including the rooting reflex which helps them locate food.

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The Competent Newborn

In addition to this, we are born preferring sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness.

Infants turn their heads in the direction of human voices and gaze longer at face-like images.

Newborns gazed nearly twice as long at the figure on the right. (Johnson & Morton, 1991)

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