Introduction to Psychological
Science
Study Session, Exam 3
Which of the following is NOT considered a mood disorder?
a.Major depressive disorder
b.Bipolar disorder
c.Seasonal affective disorder
d.Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Mood disorders are mental disorders that have mood
disturbances as their predominant feature. The two main
forms of mood disorders are depression & bipolar disorder.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is anxiety disorder.
TRUE OR FALSE
The following is an example of helplessness theory: A student
accounts for a low grade on a test by thinking they are stupid.
They believe that they will always be stupid. They believe that they
will receive low scores on all future tests and assignments.
TRUE
Negative experiences are due to internal causes (I am stupid),
which are stable (I will always be stupid), and global (I will
receive low scores on all future tests and assignments)
Helplessness theory explains negative experiences thought
internal, stable, and global causes in people who are prone to
__________.
a.Dissociative amnesia
b.Panic disorder
c.Depression
d.Generalized anxiety disorder
C. Depression
A person that experiences schizophrenia may experience delusions.
Which of the following is an example of a delusion?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Hearing voices
Believing that aliens are trying to abduct you
Believing that you are Jesus Christ
B&C
D. B & C
Delusions are patently false belief systems, often bizarre
and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its
irrationality. Common delusions include believing you are a
famous person and the belief that you are being persecuted (by
the CIA, demons, etc.)
Hearing voices is an example of a hallucination.
Paul has a sister, Amy, who is schizophrenic. His chances of having
schizophrenia are __________ than the chance of having
schizophrenia if you are a MZ twin and your twin has schizophrenia.
a.Lower
b.Greater
c.Equal
d.Unknown
A. Lower
The closer a person’s genetic relatedness to a person with
schizophrenia, the greater the likelihood of developing the
disorder. Since Paul and Amy share less genetic material than
MZ twins do, Paul has a lower chance of developing
schizophrenia than if he were a MZ twin with someone that
had the disorder.
The terms sociopath and psychopath best describe someone
who has which of the following personality disorders?
a.Schizotypal
b.Antisocial
c.Borderline
d.Avoidant
B. Antisocial
Antisocial personality disorder is defined as a pervasive
pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of
others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and
continues into adulthood.
According to the frustration-aggression principle, if I plan to
rob a convenience store to get money, but there is a clerk
standing in front of the register I am most likely to do which of
the following?
a.Pull out my gun and point it at the clerk, demanding he get out
of the way “or else”
b.Politely ask for the clerk to give me the money
c.Leave the store
d.Realize that being a robber is bad and decide to change my
ways
A. Pull out my gun and point it at the clerk, demanding he get
out of the way “or else”
People aggress when their goals are thwarted
My goal is to get to money, which is being prevented by the
clerk standing in front of the register.
TRUE OR FALSE
Impulsive aggression is usually about scare resources.
FALSE
Impulsive aggression is rarely about scare resources; it occurs
when people aggress spontaneously and without
premeditation.
According to reciprocal altruism why would I bring Colin
chicken noodle soup when he is sick?
a.
b.
c.
d.
I generally care about his well-being
I made soup and did not eat all of it
I am a good friend
I hope that Colin will remember this and somehow return the
favor in the future
D. I hope that Colin will remember this and somehow return the
favor in the future
Reciprocal altruism is not very altruistic!!!
When bystanders are less likely to help an innocent person in
distress when there are many other bystanders acting the same
way is most likely due to __________.
a.Prejudice
b.Group polarization
c.Diffusion of responsibility
d.None of the above
C. Diffusion of responsibility
Individuals feel diminished responsibility for their actions because
they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
**Kitty Genovese
TRUE OR FALSE
In Milgram’s classic study, participants enjoyed shocking the learner.
FALSE
Participants did not enjoy having to shock the learners, they
showed much distress.
At the grocery store I encounter a cashier who is very rude.
Unknown to me, the cashier got a flat tire, was late to work, and
got in trouble with his boss. I immediately make the judgment that
the cashier is a miserable, nasty person. Which of the following
have I just committed?
a.actor-observer effect
b.Correspondence bias
c.Fundamental attribution error
d.B & C
D. B & C
Correspondence bias is the tendency to make a
dispositional attribution even when a person’s behavior
was caused by the situation; also called the fundamental
attribution error
At this level of moral development(Kohlberg), a child may
not take a piece of candy from another because he or she
is afraid of being punished opposed to being guided by
feelings of morality or an understanding of the law.
A.) Pre-conventional stage
B.) Conventional stage
C.) Post-conventional stage
D.) Hyper-conventional stage
Correct Answer: A.) Pre-conventional stage, which is a stage of moral
development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined
by its consequences for the actor.
People who have reached this stage of moral development (Kohlberg)
are concerned with the innate rights of humans and are guided by
their own ethical principles.
A.) Pre-conventional stage
B.) Conventional stage
C.) Post-conventional stage
D.) Hyper-conventional stage
Correct answer: C.) Post-conventional stage of moral development, at this
stage the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles
that reflect core values.
The failure to understand that that the world appears differently to different observers
is known as:
A.) Ethnocentrism
B.) Incompetence
C.) Theory of Mind
D.) Egocentrism
Correct answer: D.) Egocentrism is the failure to understand that the world appears
differently to different observers.
Theory of Mind is the idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation,
which gives rise to the realization that the world is not always the way it looks and
that different people see it differently.
Babies have different patterns of emotional reactivity that are known as:
A.) Traits
B.) Temperaments
C.) Characteristics
D.) Conciousness
Correct answer: B.) Temperaments are characteristic patterns of
Emotional reactivity.
A ________ is anything that can disrupt the development of an
embryo or fetus in a pregnant mother's womb.These may cause a
birth defect, malformation, or terminate the pregnancy altogether.It
can be in the form of harmful drugs or chemicals, like birth control
pills, nicotine, alcohol, or some types of medication.
A.) Myelin Sheath
B.) Conundra
C.) Teratogen
D.) Sonic boom
Correct answer: C.) Teratogen, Agents that damage the process
of development, such as drugs and viruses.
A human fetus is responsive to sound at approximately
6 months of development.
A.) TRUE
B.) FALSE
Correct answer: A.) True, at 6 months the fetus CAN hear, so those
Mother’s with headphones on their pregnant bellies are not crazy.
At this stage of cognitive development children learn about and start to
understand the world around them by doing things like sucking, grasping,
crawling, etc.
A.) Sensorimotor
B.) Preoperational
C.) Concrete operational
D.) Formal operational
Correct answer: A.) Sensorimotor, Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development
from birth to 2 years. The infant experiences the world through movement and
senses, develops schemas, begins to act intentionally, and shows evidence of
understanding object permanence.
In this stage of cognitive development (from about 6 to 11 years of age)
children gain the abilities and mental operations that allow them to think logically about
concrete events such as mathematical operations and principles, and conservation.
A.) Childhood
B.) Concrete operational stage
C.) Fluid operational stage
D.) Pre-operational stage
Correct answer: B.) Concrete operational stage. Begins at about 6
years and ends at about 11 years, in which children acquire a basic
understanding of the physical world and a preliminary understanding of
their own and others’ minds.
An infant named Christiana sees a beautiful diamond in a store window.
After her mother pushes her stroller past the storefront Christiana does
not look back to search for the diamond and appears to have forgotten
about it completely. Christiana does not have a theory of ___________.
A.) Materialism
B.) Relativity
C.) Wealth
D.) Object permanence
Correct answer: D.) Object permanence. The idea that objects continue to
exist even when they are not visible.
In this stage of human development (Erikson) the childs crisis is initiatve
vs. guilt and their key event is independence.
A.) Oral-sensory
B.) Locomotor
C.) Latency
D.) Adolescence
Correct answer: B.) Locomotor
Which of the following is not one of the three key elements that must be present
for a cluster of symptoms to qualify as a potential mental disorder
(according to the DSM-IV-TR):
A.) A disorder is manifested in symptoms that involve disturbances in
behaviors, thoughts, or emotions.
B.) The symptoms are associated with significant personal distress or
impairment.
C.) The symptoms negatively affect family members and others close to the
afflicted individual.
D.) The symptoms stem from an internal dysfunction (biological, psychological,
or both).
Correct answer: C.) The symptoms negatively affect family members and others
close to the afflicted individual.
_________________ is a type of anxiety disorder in which a person feels tense
and apprehensive on a very regular basis (sometimes it seems like they feel this
way all the time). In addition, these feelings are accompanied by actual increases
in the autonomic nervous system, such as increased blood pressure, increased
heart rate, increased blood flow to the muscles and away from the GI tract, etc.
A.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder
B.) Phobic Disorders
C.) Social phobia
D.) Specific phobia
Correct answer: A.) Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
________ are disorders in which a person's conscious
awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous
memories, thoughts, and feelings.
A.) Mood Disorders
B.) Associative Disorders
C.) Comparative Disorders
D.) Dissociative Disorders
Correct answer: D.) Dissociative Disorders