Stephanie Gustman
Maureen Koval
Adam March
Deborah Williams
Phenomenon of Interest: Nursing Leadership
Issue: Leadership
Potential Problem: Leadership impact on nurse
satisfaction
Non-nursing Theories:
Social Exchange Theory
Emotional Intelligence Theory
Nursing Theory:
Human-to-Human Interaction
Phenomenon of Interest – Nurse Leadership effect on
nurse satisfaction
Key Behaviors:
Communication and Respect
Nurse Leader Influence:
• Transformational Leadership
• Relational Ability
• Emotional Intelligence
• Servant Leadership
Nurse Satisfaction
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Autonomy
Workload
Collaboration
Teamwork

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Staff nurse perceptions of nurse manager
leadership styles and outcomes. (Casida & Parker 2011)
Nurses' satisfaction with their work
environment and the outcomes of clinical
nursing supervision on nurses' experiences of
well-being (Begat, Ellefesen, & Severinssen 2005)
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
Social Exchange Theory
Emotional Intelligence Theory
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Theoretical perspective of Sociology
Three main theorists
George C. Homans
 Peter Blau
 Richard Emerson (Cook & Rice, 2004)

Discipline Influences
Microeconomics
 Anthropology
 Sociology
 Psychology (Cook & Rice, 2004)

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B.F. Skinner definition
Relationships Effect
Homan
 Individuals on organizations
 Blau and Emerson
 Organizations on individuals (Cook & Rice,
2004)

Theoretical Influences
Behaviorism
 Functionalism
 Pragmatism
 Utilitarianism (Cook & Rice, 2004)


Salovey and Mayer conceptualized the theory
of emotional intelligence in 1990 (Smith, McGrath, &
Cummings, 2009)


Classical intelligence as measured by an
individual's intelligence quotient (IQ) is not an
accurate representation of an individual
interacts on a human level with others.
Originally used in Psychology

Definition: “The ability to perceive, appraise
and express emotion, access and process
emotional information, generate feelings,
understand emotional knowledge and regulate
emotions for emotional and intellectual
growth" (Smith, McGrath, & Cummings, 2009, p. 1626)
Applicable to Nursing Practice
Key function in patient interactions
• Emotional Intelligence leads to excellent care
• May be key to improved patient outcomes
• Improved resilience of care givers
•
Applicable to Nursing Administration
•
•
•
Motivate and encourage followers
Form positive relationships
Improve the work environment
Human-to-Human Interaction



Joyce Travelbee
Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing, 1971
Explains nurse-patient relationship in
specialty area of psychiatric nursing
(Nursing Theory Network, 2011)

Emphasizes caring and emotional
aspects of Nursing (Tomey & Alligood, 2006)
Concepts
Nursing
 Human being
 Patient
 Nurse
 Illness
 Suffering
 Hope
 Communication

(Travelbee, 1971)
Structure of the Theory of Human to Human
Interaction
Communication
Human being/
nurse
Illness/
suffering
Hope
Human being/
patient
Illness/
suffering


Building a nurse-patient relationship
Five phases
original encounter
 emerging identities
 developing empathy
 developing sympathy
 establishing rapport (Travelbee, 1971)

Assumptions

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Nursing’s purpose is achieved through relationships
Each human being is unique
The human being is always in the process of
growing
The patient and nurse must see each other as
individuals (Travelbee, 1971)
Assumptions





Each person will experience suffering/illness
Suffering/illness affect a person in many ways
Communication is the process used
The work of the professional nurse is to establish
relationships
Relationships are established by going through the
five phases (Travelbee, 1971)
Qualities of effective leaders


Open communication
Perceived as giving extra effort (Casida & Parker,
2011)

Able to build and maintain
relationships


Interactions of disciplines
Nurse to Patient



Nurse to Nurse
Leader to Nurse
Satisfaction


Health and well-being
Job performance

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Social Exchange – relate
Emotional Intelligence – understand
Human to Human – accept as unique

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Social Exchange Theory
Emotional Intelligence Theory
Human to Human Theory



Interaction
Collaboration
Satisfaction
Armonstrong, A.R., Gallian, R. F., & Crichley, C. R.(2010). Emotional
intelligence and psychological resilience to negative life events.
Personality and Individual Differences,51, 333-336.
Begat, I., Ellefsen, B., & Severinsson E., (2005). Nurses' satisfaction
with their work environment and the outcomes of clinical nursing
supervision on nurses' experiences of well-being. Journal of Nurse
Management, 13(3) 221-230
Casida, J. & Parker, J. (2011). Staff nurse perception of leadership
styles and outcomes. Journal of Nursing Management, 19, 478-486.
Codier, E., Kamikawa, C., & Kooker, B. (2011). The impact of
emotional intelligence development on nurse managers. Nursing
Administration Quarterly, 35(3), 270-276.
Cook, K.S., & Rice, E. (2004). Social Exchange Theory. Encyclopedia of
Social Theory. (28 Sept. 2011). Retrieved from
http://0www.sageereference.com.libcat.ferris.edu/view/socialth
eory/n274.xml>.
Gardner, B.D. (2010). Improve RN retention through transformational
leadership styles. Nursing Management, 41(8), 8-12. Retrieved
from http://www.nursingmanagement.com
Nursing Theory Network. (2011, September 13). Human to human
relationship model. [website] Retrieved from
http://www.nursingtheory.net/mr_humantohumanrelationship.
html
Smith, K.B., McGrath, J., & Cummings, G.G. (2009). Emotional
intelligence and nursing: An integrative literature review.
International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, 1624-1636.
Tomey, A., & Alligood, M. (2006). Nursing theorists and their work. (6th
ed.). St.
Louis, MO: Mosby.
Travelbee, J. (1971). Interpersonal aspects of nursing. (2nd ed.).
Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.