Psychology
Semester 1 Final Review
Two research methods widely used by
psychologists are
•
a. precognition and the Ganzfeld
procedure.
•
b. surveys and experiments.
•
c. water-float tests and lie-detector tests.
•
d. introspection and reinforcement.
Many scientists do not believe in extrasensory
perception, or ESP, because
•
a. ESP researcher Joseph Banks Rhine
failed to find examples of clairvoyance.
•
b. experiments in ESP often do not yield
the same results twice.
•
c. the Ganzfeld procedure was not tested
in a laboratory.
•
d. of all of the above.
The majority of psychologists are
•
a. clinical psychologists.
•
b. counseling psychologists.
•
c. school psychologists.
•
d. developmental psychologists.
Social psychologists differ from personality
psychologists in their focus on
•
a. external rather than internal influences.
•
b. behavior rather than cognitive activity.
•
c. heredity rather than environmental
causes for behavior.
•
d. all of the above.
Course planning and instructional methods for
school districts are usually handled by
•
a. school psychologists.
•
b. developmental psychologists.
•
c. personality psychologists.
•
d. educational psychologists.
Modern psychology was born in the
•
a. 4th century B.C., with the Greek
philosophers.
•
b. 1800s, after the birth of modern
science.
•
c. 1900s, with the founding of
psychoanalysis.
•
d. Middle Ages, with tests to determine if a
person was possessed.
In its early days, the school of psychoanalysis
stressed that behavior was caused by
•
a. heredity rather than environment.
•
b. environment rather than heredity.
•
c. unconscious motives and conflicts.
•
d. conscious choice and self-direction.
The school of behaviorism defined psychology
as
•
a. the scientific study of behavior and
mental processes.
•
b. the biological study of the brain and its
behavior.
•
c. the sociological study of group behavior.
•
d. the scientific study of observable
behavior.
The modern biological perspective of
psychology studies
•
a. only the behavior of animals.
•
b. the effects of biological factors on our
behavior.
•
c. the effects of the environment on
human behavior.
•
d. the impact people have had on their
environment.
Human consciousness, experience, and selfawareness are the main concerns of
•
a. the school of behaviorism.
•
b. Freudian psychoanalysis.
•
c. the humanistic perspective.
•
d. the school of functionalism.
One method that helps researchers gather
information from many people is
•
a. a case study.
•
b. a survey.
•
c. a replication.
•
d. a correlation.
The case-study method of observation was
practiced by
•
a. B.F. Skinner.
•
b. Wilhelm Wundt.
•
c. Sigmund Freud.
•
d. John B. Watson.
The cross-sectional method charts changes
over time by
•
a. observing one group of participants over
a certain period of time.
•
b. surveying people who are the same age
about their personal histories.
•
c. manipulating the independent variable.
•
d. comparing participants from different
age groups.
"Skinner boxes" are examples of
•
a. naturalistic observation.
•
b. laboratory observation.
•
c. stratified samples.
•
d. random samples.
• In an experiment, it is useful to have a
control group to
•
a. help minimize the effects of volunteer
bias.
•
b. ensure that the target population is
represented.
•
c. complete a stratified sample.
•
d. show the effect of the treatment and no
other factors.
A placebo is often as effective as taking a
medication because
•
a. it is given under laboratory conditions.
•
b. neither the researcher nor the
participant knows about it.
•
c. a person's expectations affect the results
of a treatment.
•
d. it has a negative correlation with health.
A double-blind study is sometimes needed
because researchers
•
a. may have expectations that affect their
observations.
•
b. cannot control every variable outside a
laboratory.
•
c. may not have time for a longitudinal
study.
•
d. are bound by a code of ethics.
Psychologists keep the records of their research
participants confidential to
•
a. encourage participants to tell the truth.
•
b. make double-blind studies more
effective.
•
c. make single-blind studies more effective.
•
d. avoid the placebo effect.
Synapses are located between
•
a. the forebrain and the midbrain.
•
b. the pituitary gland and the
hypothalamus.
•
c. the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.
•
d. the axons of one neuron and the
dendrites of another.
The main function of the peripheral nervous
system is to
•
a. relay messages between the brain's right
and left hemispheres.
•
b. transmit information from the central
nervous system to other parts of the
•
body.
•
c. speed up respiration and heart rate to
increase alertness.
•
d. produce growth hormones.
Researchers learn about the brain by studying
•
a. images of the brain created by
computers.
•
b. people with head injuries.
•
c. the effects of electrical stimulation on
the brain.
•
d. all of the above.
The basic building blocks of the nervous system
are
•
a. neurons.
•
b. medullas.
•
c. pons.
•
d. glands.
Acetylcholine and dopamine, which help
control movement, are examples of
•
a. axons.
•
b. neurotransmitters.
•
c. glands.
•
d. chromosomes.
The "fight-or-flight" response to a stressful
event is activated by the
•
a. thyroid gland.
•
b. hypothalamus.
•
c. sympathetic nervous system.
•
d. parasympathetic nervous system.
When you touch a hot object with your right
hand, that information is sent to the
•
a. limbic system.
•
b. pituitary gland.
•
c. right hemisphere of the brain.
•
d. left hemisphere of the brain.
For most people, the ability to create language
originates in the
•
a. hypothalamus.
•
b. thalamus.
•
c. right hemisphere.
•
d. left hemisphere.
•
Damage to Broca's area and Wernicke's area of
the brain can cause
•
a. short-term memory loss.
•
b. loss of hearing.
•
c. difficulties in producing and
understanding speech.
•
d. all of the above.
Electroencephalograms have been used by
researchers to
•
a. diagnose certain kinds of psychological
disorders.
•
b. identify specific areas of the brain that are
associated with certain
•
sensations.
•
c. generate a three-dimensional image of the
brain.
•
d. do all of the above.
The pituitary gland is known as the "master
gland" because it
•
a. is the largest gland.
•
b. secretes many hormones that affect a
wide range of behaviors.
•
c. controls which information travels
between the brain's hemispheres.
•
d. does all of the above.
Researchers have discovered that certain
psychological disorders can be inherited,
including
•
a. alcoholism.
•
b. schizophrenia.
•
c. anxiety and depression.
•
d. all of the above.
Sharpness of vision is known as
•
a. retinal disparity.
•
b. retinal convergence.
•
c. visual continuity.
•
d. visual acuity.
The gateway from the outer ear to the middle
ear is the
•
a. stirrup.
•
b. eardrum.
•
c. cochlea.
•
d. auditory nerve.
Conductive deafness occurs because of damage
to the
•
a. inner ear.
•
b. middle ear.
•
c. cochlea.
•
d. auditory nerve.
Sensorineural deafness prevents people from
hearing
•
a. very quiet sounds.
•
b. anything but the loudest sounds.
•
c. sounds of certain frequencies.
•
d. any sounds at all.
Smell and taste are known as the
•
a. skin senses.
•
b. photoreceptor senses.
•
c. vestibular senses.
•
d. chemical senses.
The sense of taste can be disrupted by
•
a. loss of the sense of smell.
•
b. damage to the taste buds' receptor
neurons.
•
c. damage to hearing or sight.
•
d. all of the above.
Aspirin and ibuprofen lessen the sensation of
pain by
•
a. blocking the production of
prostaglandins.
•
b. numbing sensory neurons around the
roots of hair cells.
•
c. transmitting competing sensations to
the cerebral cortex.
•
d. all of the above methods.
Rubbing a sore area may lessen the pain
because
•
a. this numbs the skin's sensory neurons.
•
b. it causes more prostaglandins to flood
the brain.
•
c. the nervous system can only handle a
certain amount of information at one time.
•
d. of all of the above.
A person's vestibular sense helps control
•
a. depth perception.
•
b. the perception of pain.
•
c. the process of eyes adjusting to a
darkened room.
•
d. balance.
Convergence is an example of
•
a. shape constancy.
•
b. brightness constancy.
•
c. a binocular cue.
•
d. a monocular cue.
• Psychologist who studied
the effect of segregation
on children
• A. John B. Watson
• B. Gestalt psychology
• C. sociocultural
perspective
• D. behavior
• E. Socrates
• F. cognitive activity
• G. Wilhelm Wundt
• H. Kenneth B. Clark
• I. William James
• J. structuralism
• Mental process, such as a
dream or memory
• A. John B. Watson
• B. Gestalt psychology
• C. sociocultural
perspective
• D. behavior
• E. Socrates
• F. cognitive activity
• G. Wilhelm Wundt
• H. Kenneth B. Clark
• I. William James
• J. structuralism
• School of psychology that
looks at the basic
elements of conscious
experience
• A. John B. Watson
• B. Gestalt psychology
• C. sociocultural
perspective
• D. behavior
• E. Socrates
• F. cognitive activity
• G. Wilhelm Wundt
• H. Kenneth B. Clark
• I. William James
• J. structuralism
• Contemporary
psychological approach
that emphasizes study of
ethnicity, gender, culture,
and socioeconomic
status
• A. John B. Watson
• B. Gestalt psychology
• C. sociocultural
perspective
• D. behavior
• E. Socrates
• F. cognitive activity
• G. Wilhelm Wundt
• H. Kenneth B. Clark
• I. William James
• J. structuralism
• Founder of the school of
behaviorism
• A. John B. Watson
• B. Gestalt psychology
• C. sociocultural
perspective
• D. behavior
• E. Socrates
• F. cognitive activity
• G. Wilhelm Wundt
• H. Kenneth B. Clark
• I. William James
• J. structuralism
• Philosopher who
stressed the importance
of introspection
• A. John B. Watson
• B. Gestalt psychology
• C. sociocultural
perspective
• D. behavior
• E. Socrates
• F. cognitive activity
• G. Wilhelm Wundt
• H. Kenneth B. Clark
• I. William James
• J. structuralism
• Founded structuralism
• A. John B. Watson
• B. Gestalt psychology
• C. sociocultural
perspective
• D. behavior
• E. Socrates
• F. cognitive activity
• G. Wilhelm Wundt
• H. Kenneth B. Clark
• I. William James
• J. structuralism
• School of psychology that
describes experience as a
whole rather than
broken down into parts
• A. John B. Watson
• B. Gestalt psychology
• C. sociocultural
perspective
• D. behavior
• E. Socrates
• F. cognitive activity
• G. Wilhelm Wundt
• H. Kenneth B. Clark
• I. William James
• J. structuralism
• Action that can be
observed or measured
• A. John B. Watson
• B. Gestalt psychology
• C. sociocultural
perspective
• D. behavior
• E. Socrates
• F. cognitive activity
• G. Wilhelm Wundt
• H. Kenneth B. Clark
• I. William James
• J. structuralism
• Wrote the first modern
psychology textbook
• A. John B. Watson
• B. Gestalt psychology
• C. sociocultural
perspective
• D. behavior
• E. Socrates
• F. cognitive activity
• G. Wilhelm Wundt
• H. Kenneth B. Clark
• I. William James
• J. structuralism
• Factor in an experiment
that researchers
manipulate so that they
can determine its effect
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. control group
B. placebo
C. single-blind study
D. correlation
E. target population
F. stratified sample
G. case study
H. independent variable
I. hypothesis
J. longitudinal method
• Measure of how closely
one thing is related to
another
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. control group
B. placebo
C. single-blind study
D. correlation
E. target population
F. stratified sample
G. case study
H. independent variable
I. hypothesis
J. longitudinal method
• Sample in which
subgroups of a
population are
represented
proportionally
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. control group
B. placebo
C. single-blind study
D. correlation
E. target population
F. stratified sample
G. case study
H. independent variable
I. hypothesis
J. longitudinal method
• Educated guess
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. control group
B. placebo
C. single-blind study
D. correlation
E. target population
F. stratified sample
G. case study
H. independent variable
I. hypothesis
J. longitudinal method
• Research method in
which participants are
observed over a long
period of time
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. control group
B. placebo
C. single-blind study
D. correlation
E. target population
F. stratified sample
G. case study
H. independent variable
I. hypothesis
J. longitudinal method
• Whole group that is the
subject of a study
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. control group
B. placebo
C. single-blind study
D. correlation
E. target population
F. stratified sample
G. case study
H. independent variable
I. hypothesis
J. longitudinal method
• Group in an experiment
that does not receive
treatment
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. control group
B. placebo
C. single-blind study
D. correlation
E. target population
F. stratified sample
G. case study
H. independent variable
I. hypothesis
J. longitudinal method
• Study in which
participants do not know
whether they are
receiving the treatment
or not
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. control group
B. placebo
C. single-blind study
D. correlation
E. target population
F. stratified sample
G. case study
H. independent variable
I. hypothesis
J. longitudinal method
• In-depth investigation of
an individual or small
group
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. control group
B. placebo
C. single-blind study
D. correlation
E. target population
F. stratified sample
G. case study
H. independent variable
I. hypothesis
J. longitudinal method
• Substance or treatment
that has no effect apart
from a person's belief in
it
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. control group
B. placebo
C. single-blind study
D. correlation
E. target population
F. stratified sample
G. case study
H. independent variable
I. hypothesis
J. longitudinal method
• Part of the hindbrain that
helps control balance and
coordination
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. somatic nervous system
B. association area
C. dendrite
D. neuron
E. endocrine system
F. myelin
G. cerebellum
H. autonomic nervous
system
• I. thalamus
• J. neurotransmitter
• Nerve cell
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. somatic nervous system
B. association area
C. dendrite
D. neuron
E. endocrine system
F. myelin
G. cerebellum
H. autonomic nervous
system
• I. thalamus
• J. neurotransmitter
• Part of the cerebral cortex
that governs thought and
language
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. somatic nervous system
B. association area
C. dendrite
D. neuron
E. endocrine system
F. myelin
G. cerebellum
H. autonomic nervous
system
• I. thalamus
• J. neurotransmitter
• Part of the peripheral
nervous system that
transmits sensory
messages
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. somatic nervous system
B. association area
C. dendrite
D. neuron
E. endocrine system
F. myelin
G. cerebellum
H. autonomic nervous
system
• I. thalamus
• J. neurotransmitter
• System that consists of
glands that secrete
hormones
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. somatic nervous system
B. association area
C. dendrite
D. neuron
E. endocrine system
F. myelin
G. cerebellum
H. autonomic nervous
system
• I. thalamus
• J. neurotransmitter
• Fatty substance that
protects the axon
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. somatic nervous system
B. association area
C. dendrite
D. neuron
E. endocrine system
F. myelin
G. cerebellum
H. autonomic nervous
system
• I. thalamus
• J. neurotransmitter
• Thin fibers that transmit
messages to the neuron's
cell body
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. somatic nervous system
B. association area
C. dendrite
D. neuron
E. endocrine system
F. myelin
G. cerebellum
H. autonomic nervous
system
• I. thalamus
• J. neurotransmitter
• Chemical used to send
messages across synapses
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. somatic nervous system
B. association area
C. dendrite
D. neuron
E. endocrine system
F. myelin
G. cerebellum
H. autonomic nervous
system
• I. thalamus
• J. neurotransmitter
• Part of the peripheral
nervous system that
regulates the body's vital
functions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. somatic nervous system
B. association area
C. dendrite
D. neuron
E. endocrine system
F. myelin
G. cerebellum
H. autonomic nervous
system
• I. thalamus
• J. neurotransmitter
• Part of the forebrain that
serves as a relay station for
sensory stimulation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. somatic nervous system
B. association area
C. dendrite
D. neuron
E. endocrine system
F. myelin
G. cerebellum
H. autonomic nervous
system
• I. thalamus
• J. neurotransmitter
• Opening in the colored
part of the eye
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. difference threshold
B. stroboscopic motion
C. continuity
D. photoreceptor
E. absolute threshold
F. pupil
G. closure
H. cochlea
I. olfactory nerve
J. retina
• Bony tube in the inner
ear that contains fluid
and neurons
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. difference threshold
B. stroboscopic motion
C. continuity
D. photoreceptor
E. absolute threshold
F. pupil
G. closure
H. cochlea
I. olfactory nerve
J. retina
• Illusion of movement
produced by a rapid
progression of images
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. difference threshold
B. stroboscopic motion
C. continuity
D. photoreceptor
E. absolute threshold
F. pupil
G. closure
H. cochlea
I. olfactory nerve
J. retina
• Sensitive surface of the
eye that acts like the film
in a camera
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. difference threshold
B. stroboscopic motion
C. continuity
D. photoreceptor
E. absolute threshold
F. pupil
G. closure
H. cochlea
I. olfactory nerve
J. retina
• Nerve that sends
information about odors
to the brain
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. difference threshold
B. stroboscopic motion
C. continuity
D. photoreceptor
E. absolute threshold
F. pupil
G. closure
H. cochlea
I. olfactory nerve
J. retina
• Minimum amount of
difference that can be
detected between two
stimuli
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. difference threshold
B. stroboscopic motion
C. continuity
D. photoreceptor
E. absolute threshold
F. pupil
G. closure
H. cochlea
I. olfactory nerve
J. retina
• Neuron that is sensitive
to light
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. difference threshold
B. stroboscopic motion
C. continuity
D. photoreceptor
E. absolute threshold
F. pupil
G. closure
H. cochlea
I. olfactory nerve
J. retina
• Perceptual preference for
seeing smooth,
continuous patterns
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. difference threshold
B. stroboscopic motion
C. continuity
D. photoreceptor
E. absolute threshold
F. pupil
G. closure
H. cochlea
I. olfactory nerve
J. retina
• Weakest amount of a
stimulus that can be
sensed
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. difference threshold
B. stroboscopic motion
C. continuity
D. photoreceptor
E. absolute threshold
F. pupil
G. closure
H. cochlea
I. olfactory nerve
J. retina
• Tendency to perceive a
whole figure even when
there are gaps in sensory
input
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. difference threshold
B. stroboscopic motion
C. continuity
D. photoreceptor
E. absolute threshold
F. pupil
G. closure
H. cochlea
I. olfactory nerve
J. retina
• _____________
psychologists typically
treat people with
adjustment problems,
rather than those with
serious psychological
disorders.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Aristotle
Counseling
Basic research
Negative correlation
Learning
• Research that has no
immediate application
is known as _______
___________.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Aristotle
Counseling
Basic research
Negative correlation
Learning
• The Greek philosopher
_______________
wrote Peri Psyches, one
of the first books about
psychology.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Aristotle
Counseling
Basic research
Negative correlation
Learning
• The ______________
perspective argues that
people can learn by
experience and by
observing others.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Aristotle
Counseling
Basic research
Negative correlation
Learning
• Stress and health are
thought to have a(n)
_________
____________ since
stress goes up as health
deteriorates, or goes
down.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Aristotle
Counseling
Basic research
Negative correlation
Learning
• In an experiment, the
__________
__________ is the
factor that varies when
the
independent
variable is changed.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Dependent variable
Sample
Cross-sectional
Controlled
46;23
• The _______________
method takes much
less time than the
longitudinal method,
but
can
accomplish many of the
same objectives.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Dependent variable
Sample
Cross-sectional
Controlled
46;23
• Since it is usually
impossible to interview
every member of a
population that is
being studied,
psychologists
scientifically select a
_______ of the
population.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Dependent variable
Sample
Cross-sectional
Controlled
46;23
• A(n) ___________
experiment uses both
control and
experimental groups.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Dependent variable
Sample
Cross-sectional
Controlled
46;23
• Most normal human
cells contain _______
chromosomes that are
organized into ______
pairs.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Dependent variable
Sample
Cross-sectional
Controlled
46;23
• The
electroencephalogram
(EEG) measures the
brain's
________________
activity.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Kinship
Electrical
X-ray
Medulla
Thyroid
• ___________ studies
evaluate people who
are related to try to
determine the roles of
heredity and
environment.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Kinship
Electrical
X-ray
Medulla
Thyroid
• The ________________
is the part of the
hindbrain that helps
control such vital
functions as heart rate,
blood pressure, and
breathing.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Kinship
Electrical
X-ray
Medulla
Thyroid
• A computerized axial
tomography (CAT) scan
uses _________ beams
to create a threedimensional view of
the brain.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Kinship
Electrical
X-ray
Medulla
Thyroid
• Hormones that affect
the body's metabolism
are secreted by the
____________ gland.
•
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Kinship
Electrical
X-ray
Medulla
Thyroid
• The autonomic nervous
system is divided into
the _____________
and ________________
nervous systems.
• A. Electromagnetic
• B. Central; peripheral
• C. Sympathetic;
parasympathetic
• D. Skin
• E. Color blind
• The two parts of the
nervous system are the
____________ nervous
system and the
______________
nervous system.
• A. Electromagnetic
• B. Central; peripheral
• C. Sympathetic;
parasympathetic
• D. Skin
• E. Color blind
• A person who cannot
perceive some colors is
partially ____________
___________.
• A. Electromagnetic
• B. Central; peripheral
• C. Sympathetic;
parasympathetic
• D. Skin
• E. Color blind
• Light is made up of
___________________
energy.
• A. Electromagnetic
• B. Central; peripheral
• C. Sympathetic;
parasympathetic
• D. Skin
• E. Color blind
• Pressure, temperature,
and pain are examples
of
___________________
senses.
• A. Electromagnetic
• B. Central; peripheral
• C. Sympathetic;
parasympathetic
• D. Skin
• E. Color blind