Achieving a Cost Effective Live, Virtual
and Constructive Training Mix
“Helping MOD to make better decisions in an age of uncertainty”
Simon Foale
Group Leader (Analysis, Experimentation and Simulation)
© Crown copyright 2011. Published with the permission of the Defence Science
and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO.
Over a Decade of Synthetic Environment Research
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Outline
• Experimentation
– Definitions
– Defence Operational Training Capability Vision
– Key Training Tenets
– LiveWIRE
• High Level Operational Analysis
• Scope
• Study Stages
• Summary
• Questions
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Definitions
• Live – Real people in real world platforms
• Virtual – Real people in simulated platforms
• Constructive – Computer generated forces
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Definitions
• Embedded
– Live platform onboard capability generating simulated
threats – does not require a link to the virtual-world
• Live vs Synthetic
– Training takes place using either live platforms or
simulators
• LVC
– Real-world and virtual/constructive-world blended
– May be Lvc (virtual participants and/or constructive
entities solely there to stimulate Live players
– May be LVc (two-way training for real-world and
virtual participants)
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Joint Synthetic Training Vision
2020+ DOTC - Defence Operational
Training Capability
Air Forces
Land forces
DOTC(A)
Joint Operations
DOTC(L)
DOTC(M)
Maritime forces
Joint Training
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Defence Operational Training
Capability (Air)
“To provide the Air element of a Defence
LVC Training Capability by exploiting
simulation and synthetically enhancing live
training, to satisfy the Team and Collective
training requirements at the Component,
Joint and Combined levels.”
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Live/Synthetic Trends
Simulator Based
Training
Past
Live Training
Simulated Effects
Now
Future
Live Training
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Concept of Training – 5 Key Tenets (1)
Adopt a user-centric approach
•
•
•
Training not the technology important
Unsure if an application/solution works until you fully stress the system
Must involve end-users every step of the way
05 September 2007
© Dstl 2001
2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Concept of Training – 5 Key Tenets (2)
Create a total training environment
• All phases important; planning, brief, execute, debrief
• Technology must support all activities; e.g. synchronised debrief
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Concept of Training – 5 Key Tenets (3)
Maintain the benefits of collocation
• Trust – confidence and understanding
‘The secret of a successful air campaign is interoperability
and the most important component of interoperability is trust’
Air Marshall Stu Peach
05 September 2007
© Dstl 2001
2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Concept of Training – 5 Key Tenets (4)
Flexibility is critical for an evolving capability
• Contractual and technical flexibility are essential:
– Cost effective solutions
– Greater interoperability
– More market choice
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Concept of Training – 5 Key Tenets (5)
Use an expert White Force
– Experience
– Credibility and leadership
– Control and trigger events
– Effective debriefs
– Emotional commitment
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Trial - LiveWIRE
Live Warfighter Integrated Research Environment
“Investigate the training potential and current limitations
of a true LVC environment as part of a future DOTC(A)
construct”
First UK trial of its kind (February 2011)
– Blend of all three elements of LVC
– In a training context
– Involving front-line air assets
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
RED
OPERATING AREA
SA-11
CGF
VIRTUAL
SA-11
CGF
LIVE
VIRTUAL
CGF
VIRTUAL
© Dstl 2011
BLUE
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
LiveWIRE
Exercise Control
The expert “White Force” team, led by the Exercise
Director, indigenous to ABTC
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
LiveWIRE
Air Battlespace Training Centre,
RAF Waddington
Link Van
RAF Coningsby
Provided UHF Voice and “Link 16”
air picture data link between the
ABTC and the live Typhoons
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
LiveWIRE
Virtual AWACS
Simulated E3D aircraft provided airborne
surveillance and control to live and virtual assets
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
LiveWIRE
Virtual Typhoon
Pair of virtual Typhoons provided by “type
representative” simulators in large domes
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
LiveWIRE
Virtual Red Air
Pair of virtual Mig 29 provided by
“desktop roleplayer” simulators
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
LiveWIRE
Air Battlespace Training Centre,
RAF Waddington
Live Typhoons
Pair of Typhoons from 29(R) Sqn flown
from RAF Coningsby
RAF Coningsby
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
LiveWIRE - FIRST IMPRESSIONS
• Successfully proved concept
• Positive feedback from participants
• More mature LVC solution required for live players
• Real time kill removal is not available
• Safety implications
• Communications
• Weather becomes a factor
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Training High Level Operational Analysis
Aim to:
– Understand the training system and
– Assess most cost effective LVC mix for training activities
– Across the services.
• Two phases
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Phase 1
• Literature Review
• Summary of Live/Synthetic Analysis approaches:
• FAPV (Familiarization Acquisition Practice and Validation)
• ADVISOR
• STRIVE (Specifying Training Requirements in Virtual
Environments )
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Assessment Methods Cost Effective LVC Mix
• FAPV
– Favoured US methodology
– Uses a task based approach
• ADVISOR
– Canadian commercial model used by the UK MOD
– Similar task based approach
• STRIVE, a procurement model, used to:
– Support the development of Operational Requirements Documents
– Ensure that the tasks assigned to virtual environment training are realistic given
the current technological capabilities.
• All methodologies have at their heart the use of judgement by
SMEs.
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Issues for LVC Assessments
• All of existing Live or Synthetic Analysis approaches
have issues:
– Heavily reliant on military judgement
– Lack of Verification and Validation for methodologies
– Point estimates
– Difficult establishing areas of lowest risk
– Cost
– Benefits of live training difficult to quantify so how do we
establish if VC training is more/less/equally effective?
– More complicated in true LVC
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Phase 2 Overview
• Building a better analytical capability…
• Three stages
– A:
Collate and Categorise
– B:
Research Metrics and Methodology
– C:
Conduct Gap and Risk Analysis
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Stage A: Collate and Categorise
• Identify links and related studies
• Categorise the Military Training System
– Stages: Identifying individual, collective, and team
training and the use of training assets
– Roles: Taxonomy of roles
– Cost: Cost of training
• Training Enterprise Concept Model
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Stage B: Research, Metrics,
Methodology
• Training Requirement to Operations
– Training Gap Analysis
– Mission Essential Competencies (MECs)
• Links to HLOA and Campaign Analysis
– Implicit Assumptions / Robustness of Force Mix
Options
• Qualitative and Quantitative Approach
– Integration of Costs / Effectiveness / Risks
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Stage B: Mission Essential Competencies
Importance:
Extent Delivered:
How important is the
experience?
What extent can be given
Live? Syn/Sim? LVC?
“…fully prepared individual, crew, force, requires for successful
mission completion under adverse conditions in a nonpermissive environment.”
Gaps Identified:
Frequency:
Important experiences not
encountered frequently?
How often have units
encountered event?
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Stage C: Analysis (Gaps and Risk)
• ‘Better’ Analytical Capability
– Training Roles and (High-Level) link to
Capability
– Link to HLOA – validated method of use
– Platforms / Roles - trade-offs and risks
– Integration with cost model…
– Capability to provide evidence
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Summary
• Challenging area of experimentation and OR research
– Significant - UK MoD spends £Billions on training each year
• Need to do training cost-effectively
– But effectively – not just cheaply!
– LVC major part of way forward but needs care and planning
• Need to coordinate investment in training (all aspects)
with investment in other areas, e.g. equipment
• OR must provide objective, robust, auditable evidence
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence
Questions
© Dstl 2011
Dstl is part of the
Ministry of Defence