Considering the Growth of Self and Others
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How do you evaluate if you are becoming
more sophisticated in your understanding
and analysis of culture?
How do you do this for students?
What differences do you see in those who are
ethnocentric and those who are ethnorelative?
How can you help students who are
ethnocentric develop more ethnorelative
behaviors?
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Erikson- psychosocial identity formation
Kohlberg- stages of moral development
Piaget- stages of cognitive development
Cross- 5-stage model
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2.
3.
4.
5.
pre-encounter
encounter
immersion-emersion
immersion
internalization
Spring- adapted this to other groups
Banks- 6 stage model
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Pre-encounter
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Encounter
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In-between place
Begin to rid themselves of ethnic
self-hatred
Rediscovering traditional cultures
Adopting symbols of their people
Immersion
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Forced to reevaluate pre-encounter
identity because of an incident
Racial Profiling
Immersion-Emersion
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Self-hatred
Negative stereotyping
Internalization breeds self-fulfilling
prophecy
Complete immersion in ethnic
culture
Internalization
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Balance between culture of the U.S.
and ethnic culture
Cross/Spring
◦ Ethnic Psychological
Captivity
◦ Ethnic Encapsulation
◦ Ethnic Identity
Clarification
◦ Biethnicity
 Comfort in both groups
◦ Multiethnicity
 Variety of ethnic
communities
◦ Globalism
 Universal ideals
Banks
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Manage stress of interactions
Effective communication
Interpersonal relationships
Respect and appreciation of differences
Proactive in seeking diverse perspectives
Non-judgment
Motivate others
Adapt to situations
Ethnocentric
Denial
Defense
Minimization
Ethnorelative
Acceptance
Adaptation
Integration