Skeletal, Muscular, &
Integumentary Systems
Skeletal system
**Provides structure, supports and protects
internal organs.
There are about 206 bones in the human body
Human skeleton has 2 parts:
1. ***Axial skeleton, made up of skull, ribs,
spine, and sternum
2. **Appendicular skeleton, made up of arms, legs,
scapula, clavicle and pelvis
• **Bone Marrow where blood cells are produced
Soft tissue inside bones
• Injury/Repair
A crack or break is called a fracture
(about 6wks to heal)
• Osteocytes
A bone cell
• Bone development
Most bones develop from cartilage, through a
process of ossification.
However the skull develops directly into hard bone
Without forming cartilage first.
• *In early development, bone tissue is made up
mainly of groups of osteocytes
Bone elongation
• **Takes place near the ends of long bones in
an area called the epiphyseal plate
• Epiphyseal plate is made up of cartilage cells
that divide and form column, pushing old cells
toward middle of the bone. As the older cells
die, they are replaced by new bone cells. This
process continues until all the cartilage has
been replaced by bone in the epiphyseal
plate.
Order of structures that make up a
bone (outer – inner)
• *Periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone,
bone marrow
• **Periosteum is a tough membrane covering
bone
Bone Health
• Calcium is very important
• Stress to bones is obtained through weight
bearing exercise
Bones to Know
• Skull
Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
• Face
mandible
Trunk
Sternum
Bones to Know
• Skull
Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
• Face
Maxilla
Mandible
• The Chest
clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Scapula
• The Arm
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
• The Hand
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals
• The Leg
Pelvis
Femur
Petella
Tibia
Fibula
• The Foot
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals
• The Vertebrae
Cervial
Atlas
Axis
• Quiz on Bones
Joints
• The place where 2 bones meet is called a joint
• 3 major types of joints
1. fixed
2. semimovable
3. movable
Joint
Description
Location
Fixed
Prevent movement
skull
**Semimovable
Limit movement
Vertebral column, rib cage
Allow for a wide
All other joints in body
range of motion.
*Elbow, finger knuckle, toe knuckle
Types of movable *Hinge
not wrist
(allows
you
to
move
joints:
up & down, like a
hinge door)
*shoulder (allows up & down
Ball and socket
movement & rotation)
2 vertebrae of your spine
base of each thumb
Pivot
small bones in foot (allow bones to
Saddle
slide over one another, like when
Gliding
you flex your foot when you walk)
Movable
Joint structure
• **Ligament
Tough band of connective tissue that hold the
bones of the joint in place in all movable joints
• Synovial fluid
Lubricating substance between joints
2 types of arthritis
1. **Rheumatoid arthritis
The joints become inflamed, swollen, stiff and
deformed.
2. Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease.
The cartilage covering the surface of the bone
becomes thinner and rougher. Resulting in bone
surfaces rubbing against each other.
• **Extensor straightens a joint
• **Flexor bonds a joint
• So bicep is the flexor and tricep is the extensor
(flexes the elbow, while the tricep extends)
• Quiz on Joints
Body Tissue
• Tissue:
A group of similar cells working together to
perform a certain function
Muscle tissue
• Made up of cells that can contract (facial
tissue)
• 3 types of muscle tissue
1. skeletal
2. smooth
3. cardiac
• **Muscle moves bones by pulling them
Muscle tissue type
Skeletal muscle
location
Moves bones in trunk, limbs,
and face
*Smooth muscle
Handles body functions that
you cannot control consciously
(involuntary) like the digestive
system
**Cardiac muscle
Found in your heart. **Pumps
blood through your body
Neurons
• **Nervous tissue contains cells that receive
and transmit messages called neurons
(electrical impulses)
Body cavities
• The human body has 5 main cavities:
Located in the upper part of the body are:
1. Cranial cavity:
contains the brain
2. Spinal cavity:
contains the spine
Two cavities are located in the trunk of the body
separated by the diaphragm
3. Thoracic cavity:
contains the heart, esophagus, and organs of
the respiratory system
4. Abdominal cavity:
contains the digestive system
5. **Pelvic cavity is the lowest cavity containing
the organs of the reproductive and excretory
systems
Homework
Questions Pg 910 #1, 2
pg 916 #1,5,6
Muscular system
• Muscular system accounts for one third of
your weight
muscle type
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Description/job
Voluntary, moves
parts of body
Involuntary
Has characteristics
of both skeletal and
smooth
location
Limbs, trunk, face
Stomach, intestines,
blood vessels, and
other internal
organs
heart
Muscular movement
• **Tendon:
Attaches muscle to bone
Origin:
Point where muscle attaches to stationary bone
• Insertion:
Point where muscle attaches to moving bone
Example: bicep muscle radius moves up (bending
at the elbow) radius is insertion, scapula doesn’t
move so it’s the origin
• Most skeletal muscles are arranged in
opposing pairs.
• One muscle moves limb one direction and the
opposing muscle move it the other direction
• **Flexor bends a joint
• **Extensor straightens a joint
• So bicep is the flexor and tricep is the extensor
or the opposng muscle(flexes the elbow, while
the tricep extends)
• *Energy for muscle contraction comes from
glycogen, glucose, and ATP
• **When a skeletal muscle contracts the
sarcomeres shorten
• **Components of muscle tissue in order
smallest to largest: Actin and myosin
filaments, sarcomere, myofibril
• *When a sarcomere is fully contracted actin
and myosin completely overlap each other
• **Muscle fatigue and soreness may result
from ATP consumption exceeds ATP
production
Homework
• Pg 922 #1, 2, 5, 6, 7
• Worksheet: muscular system
• LABS: horsepower lab
weight training
Integumentary
• Made up of skin, hair, nails
• *It protects , eliminates waste, regulates body
temperature (homeostatis), and helps retain
body fluids
• **Skin contains exocrine glands, sweat glands,
and oil glands
Skin
• Our skin protects, moistens.
• Blood vessels dilate to cool and constrict to
conserve heat.
• Sweat glands help rid the body of wastes
products.
4 tissue types in the skin
•
•
•
•
muscular
epithelial
nerve
connective
Layers of cells
• Outer most layer of the epidermis = squamous
epithelial (flat and dead cells).
• *Main components of epidermis are
connective tissue and epithelial tissue
• *Hair and nails are derived from cells in the
epidermis
• Germinative cells are below and reproduce
very fast.
• Psoriasis is a condition where the epidermal
cells are being produced and discarded too
fast.
Dermis
• Inner layer made up of living cells and
specialized structure like sensory neurons,
blood vessels, muscle fibers, hair follicles and
glands
• *Blood vessels and sweat glands help regulate
body temperature
• Carotenoids cause the yellow or olive coloring.
Where hemoglobin causes a reddish or pinkish
color.
• Subcutaneous:
Fatty loose Connective tissue that binds skin
to organs
• Acts as an insulator and shock absorber
Glands
• Exocrine glands are found in the skin
• The main exocrine glands are the sweat glands
and the oil glands
• Keratin is a tough waterproof protein fiver
made from the cells cytoplasm.
• Nails have undergone more keratinization
than other epidermal cells.
• **Both nails and hair contain keratin
• The light region at the base of your fingernail
is where new epithelial cells are produced.
• Melanin are specialized cells that produce a
pigment responsible for skin color.
• Freckles are caused by an uneven distribution
of melanin.
Hair
• Shaft is made from epidermal cells that fully
keratinize or fill with insoluble protein.
• These epidermal cells that line the hair root
reproduce fast and then die and push up thru
the follicle.
• Hair color determined by melanin and other
pigments in the hair follicle.
• White hair is believed to be white because the
production of melanin is shut off.
• *The skin, the lymph nodes and white blood
cells are play a part in the immune system, but
NOT the heart!
• *The nervous system consists of the brain,
spinal cord, and sense organs
• *Cell is to tissue as tissue is to organ
• **The function of the respiratory system is to
control gas exchange between the blood and
the lungs