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Chapter Summary
Section 1: The Age of Exploration
In 1492, explorer Christopher Columbus visited
several Caribbean islands and South America,
which he thought were parts of Asia. Explorers
who came after him realized that these were new
lands. Early Spanish voyages set the stage for the
Columbian Exchange, a transfer of people,
products, and ideas between the hemispheres.
Europe Looks Outward
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Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas
In the early 1500s, conquistador Hernando Cortés
conquered the Aztecs in present-day Mexico, and
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas in presentday Peru. Other conquistadors explored parts of
North America. Spanish colonies in the Americas
used the cruel encomienda system, imported
slaves, and had a rigid social system.
Europe Looks Outward
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Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 3: Europeans Compete in North
America
After the Reformation, tensions between Catholics
and Protestants were on the rise in Europe. After
England defeated the Spanish Armada, England
and the Netherlands were able to found colonies
in North America. Explorers John Cabot and Henry
Hudson both disappeared while searching for a
northwest passage.
Europe Looks Outward
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Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 4: France and the Netherlands in
North America
In the early 1600s, France and the Netherlands
founded colonies in North America and traded
with Native Americans for furs. The French
explored the Great Lakes and the Mississippi
River. European activities in North America had
grave consequences for Native Americans.
Europe Looks Outward
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