No. ZP002
Date:2009-07-14
Chinese Opera
Chinese Opera is the traditional form of
Chinese theatre, which combines
dialogue, music, vocal performance,
dance, kung fu（gong fu）, acrobatics,
and so on.
戏曲是中国传统的戏剧形式,综合了对白、音乐、歌唱、舞蹈、武术和杂技等多种表演方式。
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The origin of it can be traced back to the
singing and dancing and religious rituals in
primitive times.
through a very long period of development
and reform, In the late Song Dynasty (9601279 A.D.) and the early Yuan Dynasty
(1279-1368 A.D.) , Chinese Opera form a
mature and complete artistic system.
中国戏曲的起源可追溯到原始社会的歌舞和宗教仪式，并经过漫长
的发展和革新，才逐渐在宋元时期形成了比较完整成熟的艺术体系。
Peking Opera
Beijing Opera is the treasure of
Chinese culture.
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Among the hundreds of forms of opera throughout
China, Beijing Opera has the greatest influence and
is therefore regarded as a national opera.
It has a long history and a complete system of stage
performance.
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Mei Lanfang is acknowledged to be the symbol of
China's performing art.
During his stage career, he created many lively
and unforgettable artistic images
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The music of Beijing Opera mainly combines the Er
Huang tune, the Xi Pi tune, and melodies of Kunqu.
Typical Chinese musical instruments are used in a
Beijing Opera orchestra, such as Jing Hu (two-string
fiddle), Pi Pa (Chinese lute), Sheng (reed pipes),
drums and gongs.
京剧的音乐主要由“西皮”、“二黄”和昆曲曲牌组成，以京胡、琵琶、笙、锣鼓等典型中国传统乐器伴奏。
在中国数百种戏曲之中，京剧拥有最广泛的影响力，被称为国剧。
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The roles in Beijing Opera are divided into four
main types according to the sex, age, social
status, and profession of the character:
Sheng (male roles),
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Dan (female roles),
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Jing (roles with painted faces)
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Chou (clowns)
and besides, there are some other minor types.
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京剧的角色主要根据性别、年龄、社会地位和职业分为四大行当：生（男性）、旦（女
性）、净（花脸）、丑，此外还有一些配角行当。
Facial painting is a prominent feature of
Beijing Opera.
It shows the character's age, profession
and personality by using different
patterns and colors.
Each color symbolizes a certain
characteristic;
① red for loyalty and uprightness;
② black for a rough, stern or honest
nature;
③ yellow for rashness and fierceness;
④ white for cunningness and
deceitfulness;
⑤ purple for bravery and wisdom;
⑥ blue for a daring and vigorous
character;
脸谱是京剧中最有特色的艺术。人物的年龄、职业和个⑦
gold and silver for gods and demons.
性都通过不同的图案和颜色体现，每一种颜色都代表不
同的特点。比如红色描绘人物的赤胆忠心，黑色体现人
物忠耿正直，黄色表示人物剽悍或残暴，白色暗喻人物
生性奸诈，紫色象征智勇刚义，蓝色喻意刚强勇猛，金
色和银色多用于神、佛、鬼怪。
Kunqu Opera
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According to partial statistics,
there are over 360 regional
opera styles in China, among
which, Kunqu Opera is one of
the oldest extant forms of
Chinese Opera.
Kunqu Opera, which evolved
from the Kunshan melody in
the Yuan Dynasty, boasts a
600-year history.
据不完全统计，我国各地约有三百六十多种戏曲剧种，其
中昆曲是现存最古老的剧种之一。昆曲发源于元朝的昆山
腔，至今已有六百多年的历史。
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它逐渐从苏州昆山地区遍布全国各地，成为了从
十六世纪到十八世纪末中国影响最大的剧种，受
到了士大夫阶层和平民百姓的普遍欢迎。昆曲以
清柔委婉的唱腔、优雅细腻的曲调著称。包括京
剧在内的很多剧种都是在昆曲的基础上发展而来，
因而昆曲素有“百戏之母”的雅称。
Renowned for its gentle and clear
vocals, beautiful and refined tunes,
Kunqu gradually spread from
Kunshan region nearby Suzhou to
the rest of China.
Kunqu dominated Chinese theatre
from the 16th to the 18th centuries,
widely popular among gentry and
common people.
Kunqu is known as the "mother" of
a hundred operas, because of its
influence on other Chinese theatre
forms, including Beijing opera.
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In 2001, Kunqu was
listed as one of the
Masterpieces of the Oral
and Intangible Heritage
of Humanity by UNESCO.
Plays that continue to be
famous today include :
The Peony Pavilion by the
most gifted playwright of the
Ming Dynasty, Tang Xianzu,
the contemporary of William
Shakespeare,
Fifteen Strings of Copper
Coins, by Zhu Suchen,
The Peach Blossom Fan by
Kong Shangren,
The Palace of Eternal Youth
by Hong Sheng.
2001年,昆曲被联合国教科文组织命名为“人
类口述和非物质遗产代表作”。现存著名的
剧目包括与莎士比亚同时期的明代戏曲大家
汤显祖的《牡丹亭》、朱素臣的《十五贯》，
孔尚任的《桃花扇》，洪升的《长生殿》，
另外还有不少经典的折子戏流传至今。
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