Locomotion and Support Systems

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Outline
Locomotion and
Support Systems
Chapter 20 page 402-415
Diversity of Skeletons
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Exoskeletons
Endoskeletons
Human Skeletal System
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Human Muscular System
The Muscles
Muscle Contraction
1
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Locomotion and
Support Systems
2
Functions
Supports body form
Provides resistance for the contraction of muscles
to act against
Source
Some organisms use their fluid-filled
gastrovascular cavity
Others use their fluid-filled coelom
Locomotion in an Earthworm
3
Locomotion and
Support Systems
Exoskeletons and Endoskeletons
Exoskeleton - External Skeleton
Molluscs - composed of calcium carbonate
Arthropods - composed of chitin
Endoskeleton - Internal Skeleton
Echinoderms and vertebrates
Mineralized bone and cartilage
Grows as the animal grows
- Does not limit space for internal organs
- Supports greater weight
4
Exoskeleton
5
The Vertebrate Endoskeleton
6
Human Skeletal System
Locomotion and
Support Systems
Functions
Supports and protects the body
Permits movement
Provides resistive foundation for muscles to act
against
Bones store calcium and phosphate ions
Certain bones produce red blood cells
7
Bone Growth and Renewal
Locomotion and
Support Systems
Cartilage structures in early development act as
models for future bones
Calcium salts deposited in matrix by cartilage
cells and later by osteoblasts
Endochondral ossification
Osteoclasts
Break down bone
Remove worn cells
Deposit calcium in the blood
Work with osteoblasts to heal broken bones
8
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Locomotion and
Support Systems
Gross
Main shank
- Thick outer cylinder of compact bone
- Medullary cavity in center
Spongy bone at ends
Details
Compact bone
- Unit of structure called osteon
- Concentric lamellae arranged around central canal
- Osteocytes lie in lacunae at lamellar boundaries
Spongy bone
- Numerous bars and plates separated by irregular spaces
- Spaces filled with red bone marrow
9
10
11
The Human Skeleton
12
The Axial Skeleton
Lies in the midline of the body
Consists of
The skull
The vertebral column
The sternum, and
The ribs
Locomotion and
Support Systems
13
Locomotion and
Support Systems
The Skull
Formed by cranium and facial bones
Major bones are named after
- The lobes of the brain, and
- The facial bones
Foramen magnum
- Opening at base of skull
- Where spinal cord connects to brain
Bones of cranium surround sinuses
14
The Skull
15
Vertebral Column
Locomotion and
Support Systems
Vertebral column
Supports the head and trunk
Protects the spinal cord and roots of spinal
nerves
Segments (from superior to inferior)
Cervical - Neck
Thoracic - Thorax
Lumbar - Small of back
Sacral - Sacrum
Coccyx - Tailbone
Intervertebral disks of fibrocartilage act as
padding
16
Rib Cage
Locomotion and
Support Systems
Protects the heart and lungs, and assists
breathing
Support by the thoracic vertebrae
Twelve pairs of ribs
- True ribs
 Connect
 Seven
directly to sternum
pairs
- “False” ribs
 Do
not connect directly to sternum
 Five
pairs
17
The Rib Cage
18
The Appendicular Skeleton
Locomotion and
Support Systems
Consists of
The bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles
The attached limbs
Pectoral girdle – Bones of the shoulder
Anterior
Supports the arms and hands
Pelvic girdle - Bones of the pelvis
Posterior
Supports the legs and feet
19
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle,
the Arm, and the Hand
20
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle,
the leg, and the Foot
21
Classification of Joints
Locomotion and
Support Systems
Fibrous Joints
Immovable
Between cranial bones
Cartilaginous Joints
Slightly Movable
Between vertebrae
Synovial Joints
Freely Movable
Bones separated by a cavity
Ligaments bind bones together at joint
22
The Knee Joint
23
Human Muscular System
Locomotion and
Support Systems
24
Skeletal muscles
Attached to the skeleton by cable-like fibrous connective
tissue called tendons
Arranged in antagonistic pairs
- Can only contract, cannot push
- When one muscle contracts, it stretches its antagonistic
partner
A muscle at “rest” exhibits tone (minimal contraction)
A muscle in tetany is at maximum sustained contraction
Antagonistic Muscles
25
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