4.How can power be maintained?
Modernisation
World Systems
Dependency
•
Based on three regions
•
Theory based on pure capitalism
•
Brain drain takes from periphery
•
Poorer countries will remain poor
•
USA - perfect example
•
Every country will develop
•
Based on core and periphery
•
A critique is that stages can be leapt over
•
Poorer countries will develop over time
•
Different stages of development evident
•
China upsets this theory
•
Poorer countries can break free of dependency
•
Africa is largely exploited in this theory
•
Semi periphery can exploit periphery
•
Colonial model
•
Criticised as too simplistic
•
Resources go to core
•
The existence of the core only occurs because of the periphery
• Individuals are all consumers
Warm up!
Complete the sheet of heads and tails by matching the correct statements with a line –
refer back to notes if stuck.
If finished consider how the theories suggest power is or maintained (e.g. how are
countries kept dependent/ low level of Rostow’s model?)
How can power be maintained?
Modernisation
World Systems
Dependency
•
Based on three regions
•
Theory based on pure capitalism
•
Brain drain takes from periphery
•
Poorer countries will remain poor
•
USA - perfect example
•
Every country will develop
•
Based on core and periphery
•
A critique is that stages can be leapt over
•
Poorer countries will develop over time
•
Different stages of development evident
•
China upsets this theory
•
Poorer countries can break free of dependency
•
Africa is largely exploited in this theory
•
Semi periphery can exploit periphery
•
Colonial model
•
Criticised as too simplistic
•
Resources go to core
•
The existence of the core only occurs because of the periphery
• Individuals are all consumers
Warm up!
Complete the sheet of heads and tails by matching the correct statements with a line –
refer back to notes if stuck.
If finished consider how the theories suggest power is gained or maintained (e.g. how
are countries kept dependent/ low level of Rostow’s model?)
Superpower Geographies
2. Impacts and influences of Superpowers
a) The changes from colonial rule to indirect neo-colonial rule
b) Key roles in international decision making, policy and
action
c) Control of trade
d) Superpower influence in the idea of developing a ‘global
culture’
Learning Objectives:
• Understand how superpower rule has changed from colonial rule
to indirect neo-colonial rule
• Assess the mechanisms of neo-colonial control – trade, aid and
debt
4.2.1 How can power be maintained?
Mechanism
s of
Colonial
Control
What mechanisms of control are there?
These Images can help.
4.2.1 How can power be maintained?
Imposition
of an alien
legal system
and
ownership
rights
Economic
imperialism
e.g.
exporting to
the home
country
Direct
military
conquest /
occupation
of territory
Ethnic
cleansing of
difficult
groups
Mechanism
s of
Mechanisms
of
Colonial
Colonial
Control
Control
Government
by dictat,
through
colonial
administrator
s
Cultural
imperialism
through art,
religion and
language
What mechanisms of control are there?
These Images can help.
Era of decolonialisation
Independence brought about conflict
rather than immediate freedom for 3
main reasons
1. Colonial borders did not match religious or ethnic
boundaries = conflict
2. Colonies had a government but indigenous people
excluded from running them = lack of experience
3. As colonial powers left, insurgents pushed them out
= violence
Neo-Colonialism
• A form of indirect control over
developing countries, most of them
former colonies
Direct political control decreased whilst economic
control increased
- Economic dependence on primary goods
- Economic dominance of multinational companies
- Impact of foreign aid and foreign debt
How were they being
indirectly controlled?
1) Aid
Often given with ‘strings attached’ forcing the
developing countries to spend it in particular ways
2) Trade
Low raw material export prices contrast with high
prices that developing countries have to pay for
manufactured goods
3) Debt
Many developing countries pay huge sums of money to
developed countries each year in interest
•
•
•
•
•
•
Neo-colonialism?
Left-wing geographers argue that
superpowers use subtle, indirect
ways to maintain power today
These ways are often termed neocolonialism
Aid is often given to allies and
‘friends’ rather than the most needy
countries (see table), and much aid
is ‘tied’ in various ways.
Debt repayments channel money
from the developing to the
developed world
Even debt relief schemes, such as
the HIPC scheme (see map) have
been criticised
For HIPC countries to qualify for
debt relief, they must follow the
economic policies of bankers in the
developed world
Top 10
Recipients of
USA foreign aid
Israel
Egypt
Colombia
Jordan
Pakistan
Peru
Indonesia
Kenya
Bolivia
Ukraine
2006 ($
millions)
2,520
1,795
558
461
698
133
158
213
122
115
Note the total lack
of overlap between
the most indebted
nations and the top
10 receivers of US
aid.
Ghana @ 50: success or failure?
• In 1957 gained independence from British Colonial
rule.
• Read pg 152-157 Oxford and extra sheets on blog
• Using table of development indicators for Ghana on
p.152. In what ways has Ghana
a) Made progress?
b) Fallen behind?
• Create a mind map around the key
phrase ‘neo-colonialism a bridge
between the developed and developing
nations using Ghana as an example’
Exam Question
• Using examples, assess the view that
the relationship between the developed
and the developing world is a neocolonial one’ (15 marks)